Publications

Abstract

Brain cancer remains among the most lethal malignancies worldwide, with approximately 321,476 new cases and 248,305 deaths reported globally in 2022. The treatment of malignant brain tumors presents substantial clinical challenges, primarily due to their resistance to standard therapeutic approaches. Despite decades of intensive research, effective treatment strategies for brain cancer are still lacking. Nuclear receptors (NRs), a superfamily of ligand-activated transcription factors, regulate a broad range of physiological processes including metabolism, immunity, stress response, reproduction, and cellular differentiation. Increasing evidence highlights the involvement of NRs in oncogenesis, with several members demonstrating altered expression and function in brain tumors. Aberrations in NR signaling, encompassing receptors such as androgen receptors, estrogen receptors, estrogen-related receptors, glucocorticoid receptors, NR subfamily 4 group A, NR subfamily 1 group D member 2, NR subfamily 5 group A member 2, NR subfamily 2 group C member 2, liver X receptors, peroxisome-proliferator activated receptors, progesterone receptors, retinoic acid receptors, NR subfamily 2 group E member 1, thyroid hormone receptors, vitamin D receptors, and retinoid X receptors, have been implicated in promoting hallmark malignant phenotypes, including enhanced survival, proliferation, invasion, migration, metastasis, and resistance to therapy. This review aims to explore the roles of key NRs in brain cancer, with an emphasis on their prognostic significance, and to evaluate the therapeutic potential of targeting these receptors using selective agonists or antagonists.

Abstract

Recent advancements in immunotherapy, particularly Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy and cancer vaccines, have significantly transformed the treatment landscape for leukemia. CAR-T cell therapy, initially promising in hematologic cancers, faces notable obstacles in solid tumors due to the complex and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Challenges include the heterogeneous immune profiles of tumors, variability in antigen expression, difficulties in therapeutic delivery, T cell exhaustion, and reduced cytotoxic activity at the tumor site. Additionally, the physical barriers within tumors and the immunological camouflage used by cancer cells further complicate treatment efficacy. To overcome these hurdles, ongoing research explores the synergistic potential of combining CAR-T cell therapy with cancer vaccines and other therapeutic strategies such as checkpoint inhibitors and cytokine therapy. This review describes the various immunotherapeutic approaches targeting leukemia, emphasizing the roles and interplay of cancer vaccines and CAR-T cell therapy. In addition, by discussing how these therapies individually and collectively contribute to tumor regression, this article aims to highlight innovative treatment paradigms that could enhance clinical outcomes for leukemia patients. This integrative approach promises to pave the way for more effective and durable treatment strategies in the oncology field. These combined immunotherapeutic strategies hold great promise for achieving more complete and lasting remissions in leukemia patients. Future research should prioritize optimizing treatment sequencing, personalizing therapeutic combinations based on individual patient and tumor characteristics, and developing novel strategies to enhance T cell persistence and function within the tumor microenvironment. Ultimately, these efforts will advance the development of more effective and less toxic immunotherapeutic interventions, offering new hope for patients battling this challenging disease.

Full Article: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40164-025-00662-3

Abstract

The carcinogenesis and drug resistance can be accelerated by TGF-β, primarily by enhancing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). This review examines the complex mechanisms by which TGF-β drives EMT across different tumors, highlighting its function in increasing cellular plasticity, promoting metastasis, and contributing to therapy resistance. TGF-β activates both canonical Smad-dependent and non-canonical signaling, leading to profound changes in cell morphology, motility, and stemness. This review highlights recent discoveries on how TGF-β regulates cancer stem cells and contributes to drug resistance, including resistance to both conventional chemotherapy and targeted treatments. In addition, it examines the intricate interaction between TGF-β and the key molecular pathways controlling EMT, such as PI3K/AKT, MAPK, and epigenetic regulators. It also examines potential therapeutic approaches aimed at TGF-β-induced EMT, emphasizing promising preclinical results from novel compounds and combination therapies—including natural products, small-molecule inhibitors, and epigenetic regulators—that interfere with TGF-β receptor activation or downstream signaling pathways. Understanding these complex interactions provides valuable insights for developing more effective cancer therapies. The review concludes by identifying key research gaps as well as suggesting future directions for investigating TGF-β’s role in cancer biology and treatment resistance.

Full Article: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cytogfr.2025.05.004

Abstract

Autophagy is a highly regulated, evolutionarily conserved process of self-digestion controlled by autophagy-related (ATG) genes. It involves the lysosomal degradation of cargoes, including cytoplasmic organelles, misfolded proteins, and toxic aggregates, to enrich cellular nutrient pools and reduce oxidative stress. In normal cells, basal autophagy occurs to maintain cellular homeostasis, which changes during tumor initiation, progression, and malignant transformation. The alteration in autophagy in cancer remains unclear and under-explored. Research indicates that genetic regulations, such as gene mutations, gene polymorphisms, or epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation, histone modification, microRNAs (miRNAs), and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), regulate ATGs, orchestrating the fluctuating nature of autophagy in cancer. Many studies describe the paradoxical role of autophagy in cancer, portraying it as a double-edged sword depending on the context, oscillating between promoting cell survival and inducing cell death-the dual roles in preventing tumor initiation and supporting tumor progression place autophagy at the centre of controversy. Recent findings suggest that autophagy is regulated at the intrinsic cellular level and within the tumor microenvironment. Thus, identifying the molecules, mediators, and mechanisms associated with the regulation of autophagy during tumor development, maintenance, therapy resistance, and dormancy could open new research avenues to enhance the efficacy of cancer therapeutics. Furthermore, this review encompasses preclinical studies and clinical trials, highlighting the effectiveness of modulating autophagy in cancer therapy.

Abstract

The use of natural compounds as effective therapeutic agents is an expanding area of health and disease research. Curcumin, a bioactive component derived from the rhizome of the turmeric plant (Curcuma longa L.), has been primarily used in culinary applications for several centuries, but now its potential health benefits are the focus of growing scientific research. Interestingly, some studies have found that curcumin has antitumorigenic effects due to its ability to influence the tumor microenvironment and possibly promote immune system response by modulating specific signaling pathways in immune cells. The interaction of curcumin with immune cells in the field of cancer chemoprevention is a complex area of research. It has been suggested that curcumin might promote T cell recruitment, reduce neutrophil and macrophage accumulation in the tumor microenvironment, and prevent the conversion of infiltrating lymphocytes into immunosuppressive subpopulations. Thus, its possible mechanisms of action also include a shift of the immune balance toward activation by reversing the prevalence of immunosuppressive cells. With innovations and improvements in our understanding of the potential benefits of curcumin on immune cells in cancer prevention and treatment, it is important to have an overview of current findings. Therefore, in this study, we aim to provide a review of the latest discoveries regarding curcumin in the field of cancer and immune cell research.

Abstract

Pulmonary fibrosis is the most prevalent and severe form of end-stage interstitial lung disease. Macrophages are crucial players in inflammation-induced pulmonary fibrosis, but the mechanisms driving macrophage polarisation and their specific roles in pulmonary fibrosis pathogenesis remain poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that both YAP and TAZ are activated in lung macrophages from patients with pulmonary fibrosis as well as in mice with bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Myeloid-specific Yap/Taz deletion resulted in reduced recruitment of monocyte-derived alveolar macrophages (Mo-AMs), impaired inflammatory responses, decreased pulmonary fibrosis and enhanced alveolar epithelial cell regeneration following bleomycin treatment. Conversely, the expression of a constitutively active YAP mutant (YAP5SA) exacerbated bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis by increasing Mo-AM recruitment, elevating expression of pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic markers, and impairing alveolar epithelial cell regeneration. We demonstrate that YAP/TAZ-CCL2 (C-C motif chemokine ligand 2) signalling plays a crucial role in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis, as blocking CCL2 with a neutralising antibody effectively abrogated the YAP5SA-induced recruitment of Mo-AMs, inflammatory and fibrotic responses. Additionally, we reveal that the YAP/TAZ-MBD2-TGFβ1-pSMAD2 signalling axis is crucial not only for pro-fibrotic macrophage polarisation, but also for their cross-talk with lung fibroblasts, driving the fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition. Collectively, these findings suggest that targeting aberrant YAP/TAZ activity to modulate inflammatory and fibrotic response could be a promising strategy for the prevention and treatment of pulmonary fibrosis.

ABSTRACT

In this study, the coumarin natural product minutuminolate (MNT) was used as a starting point for the development of anti-inflammatory agents. Through structure−activity relationship studies, a lead compound MD-1 was designed and synthesized, exhibiting significantly improved antiinflammatory activities. Mechanistic studies revealed that MD-1 is a degrader of the p105 subunit of NF-κB. Gene knockdown experiments further showed that the Cullin-ring ligase (CRL) SCFβTrCP is involved in MD-1-induced p105 degradation. This leads to suppressed NF-κB transcriptional activity, which is consistent with its potent anti-inflammatory effects. Taken together, our work challenges the longstanding notion that NF-κB is undruggable, as we demonstrate that the p105 subunit of NF-κB is indeed tractable with small molecules. More importantly, our study highlights that natural products are valuable starting points for the discovery and development of antiinflammatory agents with novel mechanisms of action.

Abstract

This study compared the metabolic consequences of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) from donor mice that had been either administered pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) therapy or exercised to recipient mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Eight weeks of PEMF treatment (10 min/week) enhanced PGC-1α-associated mitochondrial and metabolic gene expression in white and brown adipose to a greater degree than eight weeks of exercise (30–40 min/week). FMT from PEMF-treated donor mice recapitulated these adipogenic adaptations in HFD-fed recipient mice more faithfully than FMT from exercised donors. Direct PEMF treatment altered hepatic phospholipid composition, reducing long-chain ceramides (C16:0) and increasing very long-chain ceramides (C24:0), which could be transferred to PEMF-FMT recipient mice. FMT from PEMF-treated mice was also more effective at recovering glucose tolerance than FMT from exercised mice. PEMF treatment also enhanced bone density in both donor and HFD recipient mice. The gut Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratio was lowest in both the directly PEMF-exposed and PEMF-FMT recipient mouse groups, consistent with a leaner phenotype. PEMF treatment, either directly applied or via FMT, enhanced adipose thermogenesis, ceramide levels, bone density, hepatic lipids, F/B ratio, and inflammatory blood biomarkers more than exercise. PEMF therapy may represent a non-invasive and non-strenuous method to ameliorate metabolic disorders.

Full article: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26125450

Abstract

Introduction: The prognostic utility of plasma proteomics for cognitive decline and dementia in a Southeast Asian population characterized by high cerebrovascular disease (CeVD) burden is underexplored.

Methods: We examined this in a Singaporean memory clinic cohort of 528 subjects (n = 300, CeVD; n = 167, incident cognitive decline) followed-up for 4 years.

Results: Of 1441 plasma proteins surveyed, a 12-protein signature significantly predicted cognitive decline (q-value < .05). Sixteen diverse biological processes were implicated in cognitive decline. Ten proteins independently predicted incident dementia (q-value < .05). A unified prediction model combining plasma proteins with clinical risk factors increased the area under the curve for outcome prediction from 0.62 to 0.85. External validation in the cerebrospinal fluid proteome of an independent Caucasian cohort replicated four of the significantly predictive plasma markers for cognitive decline namely: GFAP, NEFL, AREG, and PPY.

Discussion: The prognostic proteins prioritized in our study provide robust signals in two different biological matrices, representing potential mechanistic targets for dementia and cognitive decline.

Highlights: A total of 1441 plasma proteins were profiled in a Singaporean memory clinic cohort. We report prognostic plasma protein signatures for cognitive decline and dementia. External validation was performed in the cerebrospinal fluid proteome of a Caucasian cohort. A concordant proteomic signature was identified across both biofluids and cohorts. Further studies are needed to explore the therapeutic implications of these proteins for dementia.

Full article: https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.14577

Abstract

Cancer immunotherapy, encompassing both experimental and standard-of-care therapies, has emerged as a promising approach to harnessing the immune system for tumor suppression. Experimental strategies, including novel immunotherapies and preclinical models, are actively being explored, while established treatments, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), are widely implemented in clinical settings. This comprehensive review examines the historical evolution, underlying mechanisms, and diverse strategies of cancer immunotherapy, highlighting both its clinical applications and ongoing preclinical advancements. The review delves into the essential components of anticancer immunity, including dendritic cell activation, T cell priming, and immune surveillance, while addressing the challenges posed by immune evasion mechanisms. Key immunotherapeutic strategies, such as cancer vaccines,
oncolytic viruses, adoptive cell transfer, and ICIs, are discussed in detail. Additionally, the role of nanotechnology, cytokines, chemokines, and adjuvants in enhancing the precision and efficacy of immunotherapies were explored. Combination therapies, particularly those integrating immunotherapy with radiotherapy or chemotherapy, exhibit synergistic potential but necessitate careful management to reduce side effects. Emerging factors influencing immunotherapy outcomes, including tumor heterogeneity, gut microbiota composition, and genomic and epigenetic modifications, are also examined. Furthermore, the molecular mechanisms underlying immune evasion and therapeutic resistance are analyzed, with a focus on the contributions of noncoding RNAs and epigenetic alterations, along with innovative intervention strategies. This review emphasizes recent preclinical and clinical advancements,
with particular attention to biomarker-driven approaches aimed at optimizing patient prognosis. Challenges such as immunotherapy-related toxicity, limited efficacy in solid tumors, and production constraints are highlighted as critical areas for future research. Advancements in personalized therapies and novel delivery systems are proposed as avenues to enhance treatment effectiveness and accessibility. By incorporating insights from multiple disciplines, this review aims to deepen the understanding and application of cancer immunotherapy, ultimately fostering more effective and widely accessible therapeutic solutions.

Full article: http://10.1186/s12943-025-02305-x