{"id":814,"date":"2020-04-15T16:11:00","date_gmt":"2020-04-15T08:11:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/taps\/?post_type=issues&#038;p=814"},"modified":"2020-09-01T08:17:07","modified_gmt":"2020-09-01T00:17:07","slug":"deeper-conversations-palliative-care-education-for-pharmacists-makes-a-difference","status":"publish","type":"issues","link":"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/taps\/issues\/deeper-conversations-palliative-care-education-for-pharmacists-makes-a-difference\/","title":{"rendered":"Deeper conversations: Palliative care education for pharmacists makes a difference"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Published online: 5 May, TAPS 2020, <\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">5(2), 22-31<br \/>\r\n<\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\"><\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.29060\/TAPS.2020-5-2\/OA2173\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.29060\/TAPS.2020-5-2\/OA2173<\/span><\/a><\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\"><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Andrea Thompson<sup>1<\/sup>, Tanisha Jowsey<sup>1<\/sup>, Helen Butler<sup>1<\/sup>, Augusta Connor<sup>2<\/sup>, Emma Griffiths<sup>2<\/sup>, Hadley Brown<sup>2<\/sup> &amp; Marcus Henning<sup>1<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><i><sup><span lang=\"EN-GB\">1<\/span><\/sup><\/i><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">University of Auckland, New Zealand; <sup>2<\/sup>Mercy Hospice, Auckland, New Zealand<\/span><\/i><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Abstract<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 1\">\r\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\r\n<div class=\"column\">\r\n<p><b><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Objective: <\/span><\/b><span lang=\"EN-GB\">The aim of this study<b> <\/b><\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">was to identify the impact of a series of palliative care educational packages on pharmacists\u2019 practice for improved service delivery. We asked, what are the educator and learner experiences of a short course comprised of workshops and a series of palliative care learning packages, and how have learners changed their practice as a result of the course? <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><b><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Method: <\/span><\/b><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Semi-structured interviews were conducted and transcribed verbatim. Interpretive thematic analysis was undertaken.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><b><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Results: <\/span><\/b><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Eight people participated in this study; f<\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">ive pharmacists who had completed learning packages in palliative care and three educators who facilitated teaching sessions for the learning packages. The teaching and assessment approaches were applied and transferable to the clinical setting. The teaching strategies stimulated engagement, enabling participants to share their ideas and personal experiences. Participants\u2019 understanding of palliative care was improved and they developed confidence to engage in deeper conversations with patients and\/or their families and carers. Although the completion of assessment for the learning packages enabled credit for continuing professional development, their impact on the long-term practice of pharmacists was not established. <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><b><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Conclusions: <\/span><\/b><span lang=\"EN-GB\">The findings of this study suggest that interactive teaching methods assisted the interviewed pharmacists to further develop their understanding of palliative care, and communication skills for palliative care patients and\/or their families\/carers. Pharmacists were better equipped and felt more comfortable about having these potentially difficult conversations. We recommend educators to place more emphasis on reflective activities within learning packages to encourage learners to develop more meaning from their experiences.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Keywords<\/strong>:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Palliative Care Education, Pharmacist, Hospice, Interactive Learning<b>, <\/b>Communication, Learning Packages<\/span><\/i><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Practice Highlights<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: square;\">\r\n\t<li><span lang=\"EN-US\"> <\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\">The course studied informs ph<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\">armacists\u2019 practice for improved service delivery.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li><span lang=\"EN-US\"> <\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\">The course led to more meaningful palliative care conversations.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li><span lang=\"EN-US\"> <\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\">Interactive teaching methods supports learner engagement.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li><span lang=\"EN-US\"> <\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\">Educators sharing personal experiences <\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\">supports learning.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong style=\"text-align: center;\">I. INTRODUCTION<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><span lang=\"EN-GB\">There have been recommendations in the literature for over 30 years that pharmacists should receive more education around end-of-life issues and care <\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">(Dickinson, 2013)<\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">. While inadequate training and knowledge in palliative care leads to poor palliative care provision <\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">(Furstenberg et al., 1998; Vernon, Brien, &amp; Dooley, &amp; Spruyt, 1999)<\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">, effective palliative education can positively transform care provision <\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">(Institute of Medicine, 2015)<\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Research shows that effective palliative care education for pharmacists can deepen their understanding of their role in symptom and therapy management and psychosocial care during end-of-life stages, including reducing death anxiety among patients (Atayee, <\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Best, &amp; Daniels,<\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\"> 2008; Dickinson, 2013; Needham,<\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\"> Wong &amp; Campion, <\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">2002<\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">)<\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">. Learning about palliative care encourages collaboration and continuity in service provision, and appropriate, timely and individualised care <\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">(Dickinson, 2013)<\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">. Additionally, with extra training, community pharmacists can become more actively involved in their palliative patients\u2019 care, including providing patient education, prescribing advice to physicians and facilitating continuity between healthcare settings <\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">(O&#8217;Connor, <\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Pugh, Jiwa, Hughes, &amp; Fisher,<\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\"> 2011)<\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">. Australian community pharmacists report that completing a flexible online palliative care education programme positively impacts their practice (<\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Hussainy, Marriott, Beattie, Nation, &amp; Dooley, 2010)<\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">. Hussainy et al. (2010) recommend future educational courses to include face-to-face weekly workshops in order to increase participation. In New Zealand, undergraduate pharmacy students receive palliative care training and upon graduation they manage various palliative care needs. To booster pharmacist palliative care knowledge and communication skills, and in response to the call from Hussainy et al. (2010), in 2016, educators at a metropolitan hospice in New Zealand ran a short course for pharmacists. The authors, including the educator participants in this study, were not involved in the course design. Here we explore participant experiences of the course including application of new knowledge\/skills to practice.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span lang=\"EN-GB\">The seminal pedagogical approaches of Sch\u00f6n (1983), Kolb (1984) and Knowles (1984) are relevant. Learning occurs when professionals reflect on their tacit knowledge and make sense of their experiences; therefore reflective practice is a central pedagogical approach (Sch\u00f6n, 1983). With this in mind, opportunities for reflective practice ought to be integrated into the design of educational initiatives. Kolb\u2019s (1984) experiential learning model suggests learners have a concrete experience and then reflect on it, enabling them to formulate abstract concepts and generalisations. Learners can then try out their new understanding through the process of active experimentation. The need to be self-directed, the role of the learner\u2019s experiences, motivation, and readiness to learn are examples of assumptions embedded in Knowles\u2019 adult learning theory (Knowles, Holton, &amp; Swanson, 2015). <b><i><\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span lang=\"EN-GB\">In this paper, we explore the course in terms of teaching delivery and learning. We undertook a small interpretive thematic study to explore the participants\u2019 experiences of the course. It is important for educators to be involved in researching and reflecting on their own teaching (Henning, <\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Hu, Webster, Brown &amp; Murphy,<\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\"> 2015; Steinert, <\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Cruess, Cruess, &amp; Snell, <\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">2005) and we therefore included the teaching staff as participants alongside learner participants in this study.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\"><\/span><\/i><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">A. Research Questions <\/span><\/i><\/p>\r\n<p><span lang=\"EN-GB\">We asked, what are the educator and learner experiences of a short course comprised of workshops and a series of palliative care learning packages, and how have learners changed their practice as a result of the course? <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>II. METHODS<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<div>\r\n<p><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">A. <\/span><\/i><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Participants and Description of Educational Intervention<\/span><\/i><\/p>\r\n<p><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Learner participants were pharmacists who were enrolled in the course. The course learning packages were part of Hospice New Zealand\u2019s <i>Fundamentals of Palliative Care<\/i> education programme (<a href=\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/taps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2020\/05\/04-OA2173_AThompson_Appendix-A.pdf\">Appendix A<\/a>). Figure 1 outlines the mode of delivery and educational frameworks for the learning packages. A two-hour workshop was offered for each learning package and the participants were given access to online resources such as a workbook, pre-reading and reflection activities. Learners were required to complete the pre-reading and reflection activities prior to each workshop. Learners engaged in classroom-based teaching activities, which largely included group discussions. The total number of learning packages that each learner participant completed is shown in <a href=\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/taps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2020\/05\/04-OA2173_AThompson_Appendix-A.pdf\">Appendix A<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\" src=\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/taps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2020\/03\/OA2173_Fig1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-760\" srcset=\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/taps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2020\/03\/OA2173_Fig1.png 1280w, https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/taps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2020\/03\/OA2173_Fig1-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/taps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2020\/03\/OA2173_Fig1-1024x576.png 1024w, https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/taps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2020\/03\/OA2173_Fig1-768x432.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" \/><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n<p align=\"center\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 1. Mode of delivery and educational frameworks<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Educator participants were three experienced facilitators (with pharmacy and nursing backgrounds) who were employed by the hospice. Each had an interest in education and had undertaken formal training sessions in palliative care delivery prior to facilitating the course.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">B. Data Collection<\/span><\/i><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Course educators and learners were invited via email to partake in a one-off face-to-face or phone interview to discuss their experiences of the course. One member of the research team (author 4) conducted all interviews following a semi-structured interview guide (<a href=\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/taps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2020\/05\/04-OA2173_AThompson_Appendix-B.pdf\">Appendix B<\/a>). Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data were collected between December 2016 and March 2017.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em><span lang=\"EN-GB\">C. <\/span><\/em><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Data Analysis<\/span><\/i><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Following Morse and Field <\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">(1995)<\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\"> and <\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Saldan\u0303a<\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">(2016)<\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">, we used general purpose interpretive thematic analysis. Transcripts were de-identified then uploaded into a qualitative data management system, QSR NVivo 11 software. Three members of the research team (authors 1, 2 and 7) read the transcripts and iteratively created a coding scheme. This involved looking for recurrent words, phrases and concepts within the data, which were termed codes. An initial coding scheme was developed iteratively containing primary codes, subsidiary codes and their definitions. There was a defined protocol for when to code the concepts. Two members of the research team (authors 1 and 2) independently coded each transcript and this coding was then checked by author 7 to ensure consistency and rigour. Two of our authors (3 and 5) were educator participants in this study. They were interviewed by a member of the research team, using the same questions posed to the third educator participant. To minimise bias, these authors were not involved in any aspect of the data analysis.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">As the analysis progressed, some of the codes and sub-codes and their definitions were modified to ensure they conveyed the meaning participants had expressed during interviews. Assumptions about the relationships within and between concepts were proposed and explored. The codes were iteratively formed into themes and subthemes (Table 1). These themes were manually cross-checked for consistency. The QSR NVivo 11 software query functions were used to confirm relationships between themes and subthemes. These themes were discussed and refined between the three members of the analysis team.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<div align=\"center\">\r\n<table border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"0\" class=\"aligncenter\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"199\" valign=\"top\">\r\n<p><b><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Theme<\/span><\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"404\" valign=\"top\">\r\n<p><b><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Subthemes<\/span><\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"199\" valign=\"top\">\r\n<p><span lang=\"EN-GB\">A. <\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Application to Practice<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"404\" valign=\"top\">\r\n<p><span lang=\"EN-GB\">1)\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Developing an understanding of palliative care<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span lang=\"EN-GB\">2)\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Developing empathy, listening and communication skills<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"199\" valign=\"top\">\r\n<p><span lang=\"EN-GB\">B. <\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Learner Engagement <\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"404\" valign=\"top\">\r\n<p><span lang=\"EN-GB\">1)\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Methods of teaching\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span lang=\"EN-GB\">2)\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Engagement &#8211; interactive style of teaching works<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span lang=\"EN-GB\">3)\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Drawing on personal experience<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span lang=\"EN-GB\">4)\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Feeling safe to share and learn<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"199\" valign=\"top\">\r\n<p><span lang=\"EN-GB\">C. <\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Assessment and Evaluation <\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"404\" valign=\"top\">\r\n<p><span lang=\"EN-GB\">1) The role of assessment and evaluation<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p align=\"center\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Table 1. Themes and subthemes of participant experiences<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>III. RESULTS<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Eight females participated in this study, including five learners (course participants) and three educators. Their reflections on the course that they had attended as either an educator or learner rotated around three core themes: (1) application to practice, (2) learner engagement, and (3) assessment and evaluation (Table 1).<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span lang=\"EN-GB\">\u00a0A. <\/span><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Application to Practice<\/span><\/i><\/p>\r\n<p><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Learner participants reported that the packages had increased their sense of preparedness for having real-life discussions with patients and family members\/carers about death and dying\/palliative care options, and ethical issues. Learners reported that this sense of preparedness had encouraged them to engage more deeply in conversations concerning palliative care.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">1) Developing an understanding of palliative care: <\/span><\/i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Educator and learner participants said the course enhanced their skills and understanding of communication with patients, their families\/carers and other health professionals. Learners particularly valued information concerning the following subjects: the impact of a cancer diagnosis on significant others; medication; pharmacology; symptom and pain management; caring for palliative patients; ethical dilemmas; and dementia. A greater understanding of palliative care meant that learners reported they found they were able to make decisions about pharmaceuticals (without needing to check with another health professional), which they saw as likely to save time while maintaining quality of care. Further, learners\u2019 understanding was influenced by the educators\u2019 passion for teaching in the area of palliative care.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">You might be thinking why on earth are they using Dexamethasone to increase this patient\u2019s appetite \u2013 that doesn\u2019t sound right. I need to ring the doctor. Whereas now they understand this is normal, this is the dose range, so they\u2019re better equipped to supply the medication because they understand why. They\u2019re not having to constantly ring the GP [general practitioner]. <\/span><\/i><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"right\"><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">(Educator 1)<\/span><\/i><\/p>\r\n<p><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">They [educators] know their topic inside out and they do their best to pass on \u2026 every ounce of knowledge that they have, which is great to see in colleagues. I just found it incredibly, inspiring to have that sort of passion for a topic. <\/span><\/i><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"right\"><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">(Learner 2)<\/span><\/i><\/p>\r\n<p><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\"><\/span><\/i><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">2) Developing empathy, listening and communication skills: <\/span><\/i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">The learning modules enabled learner participants to develop awareness, empathy, and communication skills\u2013particularly listening skills. They gave specific examples of empathic behaviour when dealing with patients and their families, for example, recognising and attempting to understand the multiple losses and life changes one might experience with a cancer diagnosis. Further, the content and delivery of the learning packages gave learners opportunities to be more prepared to engage in difficult conversations around death and dying.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">It\u2019s just being able to have more empathy for the people because you appreciate what they\u2019re going through and what\u2019s happening \u2026 just being a bit more available I suppose and realise in the end you spend time listening to what they have to say and trying to do the best for them. <\/span><\/i><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"right\"><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">(Learner 1)<\/span><\/i><\/p>\r\n<p><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">And I guess when I\u2019m talking to people, [recognising] that they\u2019re going through a lot of losses and because of their cancer for example, they may have lost their job, I mean, if they can\u2019t work anymore, their role in the family, they may have physical changes and loss around that. <\/span><\/i><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"right\"><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">(Learner 3)<\/span><\/i><\/p>\r\n<p><span lang=\"EN-GB\">The importance of \u2018giving special time\u2019 for conversation was an additional skill participants learned through completion of the modules. They recognised the importance of moving beyond the patient\u2019s prescription and taking time to listen and engage in conversation with the patients and\/or their families\/carers.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Well actually at the time we had a customer\u2013a man whose wife was dying of cancer, and I think instead of taking the prescription and things like that, you went out and took a special time and talked to them and spent a bit of time without actually asking too many specific questions. <\/span><\/i><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"right\"><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">(Learner 5)<\/span><\/i><\/p>\r\n<p><span lang=\"EN-GB\">In addition to communicating with patients and their families\/carers, learner participants reported that the delivery of the learning modules helped equip and gave learners confidence to communicate more effectively with other health professionals.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">\u201cI deal a lot with rest homes and private hospitals so being able to assist the RNs [registered nurses] and to be able to relate to them.\u201d<\/span><\/i><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"right\"><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">(Learner 2) <\/span><\/i><\/p>\r\n<p><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">\u201cAnd so, I sort of feel a lot more comfortable about that and comfortable talking to the doctors, you know, when something\u2019s happening. So, I\u2019ve learnt that.\u201d<\/span><\/i><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"right\"><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">(Learner 4)<\/span><\/i><\/p>\r\n<p><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\"><\/span><\/i><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">B. Learner Engagement<\/span><\/i><\/p>\r\n<p><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\"><\/span><\/i><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">1) Methods of teaching: <\/span><\/i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">All participants discussed methods of teaching as having direct impact on their learning. Educator participants discussed teaching methods in more depth and greater frequency than pharmacist learner participants. They identified that when interactive strategies were utilised (videos, small group activities, case scenarios, demonstrations, and brainstorms), the learners absorbed\/embedded more information and valued the teaching material more than when the information was presented didactically.<i><\/i><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">If I have to use a PowerPoint [slide presentation] I will learn it so that it\u2019s behind me and I\u2019m speaking to the audience and using eye contact, engaging from them their interest and whether they\u2019re understanding. And I like to encourage questions to be asked as I\u2019m talking because that then helps to add another layer of explanation. I also like case scenarios and preparing a case scenario or an ethical situation for groups to break off and discuss in their small groups and then to feedback so that each group can learn from everybody else. <\/span><\/i><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"right\"><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">(Educator 1)<\/span><\/i><\/p>\r\n<p><span lang=\"EN-GB\">The exception to this pattern was Educator 3\u2019s observation that didactic teaching was an effective teaching strategy to begin the learning session, as it is a teaching format familiar to learners. Once the class was underway a more engaging method was needed.<\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">\u201c[Learners]<\/span><\/i><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\"> were quite happy to be led initially, <\/span><\/i><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">[using]<\/span><\/i><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\"> didactic teaching. But I don\u2019t think the sessions would have been as effective if we had continued that route.\u201d <\/span><\/i><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"right\"><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">(Educator 3)<\/span><\/i><\/p>\r\n<p><span lang=\"EN-GB\">The relevance of content was also important to both the educator and learner participants. They valued material that was relevant and applicable to the pharmacists\u2019 \u2018specific care populations and practices of care.\u2019<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">I was satisfied that I was able to provide consultant specialist advice and make it real for the pharmacists&#8230;. I put in a number of extra slides that were specific to pharmacists and some of the pharmacology of the drugs etcetera. <\/span><\/i><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"right\"><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">(Educator 1)<\/span><\/i><\/p>\r\n<p><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">\u201cIt was kind of practical stuff [content] that you could easily translate when dealing with people when they came into the pharmacy.\u201d<\/span><\/i><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"right\"><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">(Learner 1)<\/span><\/i><\/p>\r\n<p><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">2) <\/span><\/i><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Engagement\u2013Interactive style of teaching works: <\/span><\/i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">The teaching methods that learner participants had most to say about were interactive ones. This included facilitated whole-group conversation that was supported by small group activities.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">There were a lot of different points of view and a lot of different people who were at different levels of experience in different areas and I think having the whole group there that were all pharmacists was really helpful. We all learned from each other<\/span><\/i><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"right\"><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">(Learner 3)<\/span><\/i><\/p>\r\n<p><span lang=\"EN-GB\">In contrast, when educators discussed interactive teaching, they talked about it in terms of group dynamics and managing the discussions so that all learners had opportunity to voice their opinions.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">There\u2019s nothing worse than having somebody that just has to answer every question, has to share everything because they just need to be heard. So, you have to manage that and \u2026 manage the person that just sits there and doesn\u2019t say anything. <\/span><\/i><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"right\"><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">(Educator 2)<\/span><\/i><\/p>\r\n<p><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\"><\/span><\/i><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">3) Drawing on personal experience: <\/span><\/i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Three educators and two learners reported that some educators drew on their personal experience\u2013such as from the hospice pharmacist setting\u2013to illustrate the relevance of material. When learners discussed their relevant personal experiences, it was equally valued.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">\u201cWe all learned from each other.\u201d<\/span><\/i><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"right\"><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">(Learner 3)<\/span><\/i><\/p>\r\n<p><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">\u201cWe even had one pharmacist kind of stand up and say \u2018This happened to me and I want you guys to learn from this\u2019, so there was a lot of them talking about their experiences and sharing stuff.\u201d<\/span><\/i><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"right\"><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">(Educator 3)<\/span><\/i><\/p>\r\n<p><span lang=\"EN-GB\">A learner reflected that the course material had value for her in her personal life.<\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">I\u2019d also gone through it [living and caring for a palliative care patient] with a flatmate early on and I felt that I hadn\u2019t actually coped with it particularly well. So, it [the course] was a little bit for my own good as well. <\/span><\/i><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"right\"><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">(Learner 5)<\/span><\/i><\/p>\r\n<p><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Likewise, an educator made the observation that the course material was applicable to learners in their personal as well as their professional lives.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">There was a strong feeling from pharmacists that they were also doing this to learn for their own personal lives because everybody will be touched by palliative care at some point in their lives, whether it be family or friends and it\u2019s helped them to be better equipped with that.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"right\"><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">(Educator 1)<\/span><\/i><\/p>\r\n<p><span lang=\"EN-GB\">The telling of personal experience can be linked with our first theme of <i>Developing empathy, listening and communication skills. <\/i>It is both telling and listening that comprises effective communication, which is core to pharmacist practices of care.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\"><\/span><\/i><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">4) Feeling safe to share and learn: <\/span><\/i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Feeling safe is important to supporting people\u2019s learning. This was explicitly discussed by participants, and implicitly presented in other participants\u2019 accounts.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">She [Educator 2] talked to us, she encouraged you to give your opinion or your thoughts as well and you were never made to feel like what you said wasn\u2019t right or was not significant. I thought she was great. It was very much an open forum, so you could relate, add bits in or ask questions and you felt comfortable doing that.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"right\"><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">(Learner 4)<\/span><\/i><\/p>\r\n<p><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Educators were strategic in providing effective learning safe learning environments:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">One of the skills of palliative care education is talking about topics that can be really quite difficult for some people if they\u2019ve had a recent loss or they\u2019ve had a situation in their personal life and it\u2019ll trigger, so ground rules are really important to try and keep\u2013to make sure people feel safe. So, you ensure when you start a session that people know that they can share stuff of a personal nature, but that information stays in the room and that it\u2019s not to go outside. And you want people to be respectful. <\/span><\/i><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"right\"><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">(Educator 2)<\/span><\/i><\/p>\r\n<p><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">\u00a0C. <\/span><\/i><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Assessment and Evaluation<\/span><\/i><\/p>\r\n<p><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\"><\/span><\/i><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">1) The role of assessment and evaluation: <\/span><\/i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Educator participants highlighted the importance of assessment to enhance learning. Two assessment methods; reflective activities undertaken during the learning packages and quizzes completed at the end of the packages were formatively assessed methods. Educator participants pointed out there is a mechanism for assessment to be recognised by the Pharmaceutical Society of New Zealand. In this case, successful completion of assessment therefore becomes a summative assessment.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">\u201c[The] Pharmaceutical Society approves questions and if participants gain more than 80% then \u2026 the Society awards them learning points that contribute to their compulsory continuing education.\u201d<\/span><\/i><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"right\"><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">(Educator 1)<\/span><\/i><\/p>\r\n<p><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Along with the assessment methods described, the Hospice NZ programme gives learners the opportunity to complete an evaluation which includes questions about learning value for each learning package. The inclusion of assessment and evaluation methods fosters learners to think about how process (teaching delivery) and content have contributed to their learning.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Although educators promoted the merits of assessment comprising part of the learning modules, they acknowledged that assessment gauges learning only in the short term. It is not possible to determine the long-term impact on practice from the assessment and evaluation methods currently utilised. Further, participants identified some confusion around the reflective activities.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">\u201cWe struggle with assessing their learning long-term \u2013 what have they taken away a year later? What are they using in their practice? That\u2019s what we haven\u2019t been able to establish.\u201d<\/span><\/i><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"right\"><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">(Educator 1)<\/span><\/i><\/p>\r\n<p><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">\u201cParticipants appeared confused about the requirements for the pre and post session reflective activities which they were required to complete in the learning packages.\u201d<\/span><\/i><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"right\"><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">(Learner 1)<\/span><\/i><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>IV. DISCUSSION<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Effective palliative education for pharmacists enables participants to understand their role in end of life care, reduces death anxiety, prepares them to relate to people who are dying and facilitates psychological and emotional competence <\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">(Dickinson, 2013)<\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">. It offers people knowledge and confidence to engage in the types of conversations that enrich peoples\u2019 lives by making them feel heard and cared for. Dau Voire said, \u201cbe brave enough to start a conversation that matters\u201d (Bravery Sayings &amp; Bravery Quotes, n.d.). Is it bravery for pharmacists to engage patients in conversations about life and death? It absolutely is because the conversation may necessitate reflecting on your own life, mortality, and wishes.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span lang=\"EN-GB\">We have shown that pharmacists valued this palliative care course because it developed key skills\u2013and increased their bravery\u2013to engage in deeper, more meaningful palliative care conversations in their professional and personal lives. We discuss the findings in turn.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">A. Learning Engagement<\/span><\/i><\/p>\r\n<p><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Teaching delivery, which is primarily focused on interactive teaching methods such as small group activities, case scenarios, demonstrations, discussions and brainstorms markedly supported learner engagement. They valued opportunities to learn through discussing learner and educator experiences. These findings are consistent with Knowles\u2019 adult learning theory, which suggests that the learners\u2019 experiences ought to be tapped into <\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">(Knowles, et al., 2015)<\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">. Teachers can help learners by using experiential techniques to acknowledge and utilise learners\u2019 experiences through group discussions, activities to foster reflection, simulation exercises, and problem-solving activities (Knowles et al., 2015; Kolb, 1984; Sch\u00f6n 1983). In our view, one of the strengths of the learning packages is that they align with key educational frameworks (Figure 1).<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Learners and educators in this study promoted a safe learning environment to optimise participation and learning <\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">(Lyons et al., 2015)<\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">. This is echoed by existing education literature <\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">(Brown, 1988; Douglas, 1976)<\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">. A safe climate, atmosphere or environment enables participants to feel comfortable about discussing personal experiences, including those which are difficult or challenging.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\"><\/span><\/i><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">B. Assessment and Evaluation <\/span><\/i><\/p>\r\n<p><span lang=\"EN-GB\">When reflection is not encouraged in the clinical setting learning opportunities may be lost <\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">(Branch &amp; Paranjape, 2002; Sch\u00f6n, 1983)<\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">. In this course, learning was promoted through reflection and this was valued by learners, although they reported confusion about requirements for reflection activities. The opportunity for completion of modules to contribute to pharmacists\u2019 continuing professional development (CPD) requirements was a key driver for participants completing the summative assessment. It is unlikely that meeting CPD requirements is the sole requirement for engaging in CPD. Further motivators for CPD may be to enhance professional knowledge and competence (Ryan, 2003).<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\"><\/span><\/i><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">C. Application to Practice <\/span><\/i><\/p>\r\n<p><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Several elements of the course were reportedly taken forward by participants to change their practices of care which had the flow-on effect of reducing their need to contact another health professional (for example, the patient\u2019s general practitioner) to assist in decision-making processes. This improved the patient\u2019s continuity of care. The value of palliative education is supported by the evaluation of an online programme in palliative care for pharmacists which demonstrated that the programme positively influenced the knowledge, confidence and practice of community pharmacists (Hussainy et al., 2010).<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Delivery of the learning packages enabled pharmacists to develop a greater understanding of the impact of life-limiting illnesses and fostered both their development of empathy and ability to communicate with patients and their families and\/or carers. The need for developing communication skills was strongly emphasised in a study which examined the community pharmacist\u2019s role in palliative care <\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">(O&#8217;Connor et al., 2011)<\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">. Emotional issues were seen as a major source of stress for general practitioners in an earlier study that identified the importance of the need for training and education to support general practitioners in managing emotional responses for palliative care patients and their families (<\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">O\u2019Connor, Fisher, &amp; Guilfoyle, 2006)<\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\"><\/span><\/i><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">D. Limitations<\/span><\/i><\/p>\r\n<p><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Only females consented to participate in this study. We cannot speak to male pharmacist experiences of the course. The number of course participants was small and we had difficulty recruiting people to our study, partly because the interviews were held several months after the conclusion of the course. Our sample size was therefore small and our findings may not be generalisable. To increase study participation, future research of palliative care pharmacy courses could seek to recruit participants on workshop days or within a week of the course conclusion. Two of the authors on this paper were participants in the study. They were not involved in any aspect of the data analysis but they did contribute to the introduction and discussion sections of this article. The study did not establish the longer-term impact of the educational initiative on pharmacists\u2019 practice. This is an opportunity for future research. <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>V. CONCLUSION<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><span lang=\"EN-GB\">It is clear that effective palliative care education such as the learning packages discussed here is valued by pharmacists and relevant to their practice. Pharmacists in this study found <\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">the learning packages enhanced their understanding of palliative care, sharpened their communication skills and bolstered their confidence to engage in deeper conversations with patients and their families\/carers and other health professionals. The interactive teaching methods promoted participant engagement and gave them opportunities to share their ideas and personal experiences and to listen to the experiences of others. Improving communication was a key feature for participants in this study. We therefore recommend that community pharmacists continue to be offered effective palliative care education, and that promotion of communication skills remain central to course method and content. An increased focus on critical reflection activities within such courses needs to be encouraged so that pharmacists can make meaning of their experiences and learning opportunities are not lost.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Notes on Contributors<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><span lang=\"EN-US\">Andrea Thompson is a Professional Teaching Fellow at the Centre for Medical and Health Sciences Education, University of Auckland.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span lang=\"EN-US\">Tanisha Jowsey is a medical anthropologist and a Senior Lecturer at the Centre for Medical and Health Sciences Education, University of Auckland.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span lang=\"EN-US\">Helen Butler was formerly employed at a Hospice in New Zealand and is now a Professional Teaching Fellow in the School of Nursing at the University of Auckland.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span lang=\"EN-US\">Augusta Connor, was formerly a research assistant at a Hospice in New Zealand and now works in health economics in the United Kingdom. <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span lang=\"EN-US\">Emma Griffiths works at a Hospice in New Zealand as a specialist palliative care pharmacist. <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span lang=\"EN-US\">Hadley Brown was formerly employed at a Hospice in New Zealand and is now self-employed. He has been involved in management within in the New Zealand hospice sector.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span lang=\"EN-US\">Marcus Henning is an Associate Professor at the Centre for Medical and Health Sciences Education, University of Auckland.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Ethical Approval<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><span lang=\"EN-GB\">This study was approved by the University of Auckland Human Participants Ethics Committee <b>(<\/b>Reference Number: <\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">016800).<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Acknowledgements<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><span lang=\"EN-GB\">We would like to acknowledge the participants who shared their experiences of teaching and learning.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Funding<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><span lang=\"EN-GB\">A research assistant who conducted and transcribed the interviews was funded by Mercy Hospice, Auckland, New Zealand.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Declaration of Interest<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Two authors were participants in the study. Although they were involved in the design of the study and contributed to writing the paper they were not involved in analysis of the data.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>References<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><span lang=\"EN-GB\">A<\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">tayee, R., Best, B., &amp; Daniels, C. (2008). Development of an ambulatory palliative care pharmacist practice.<i>\u00a0Journal of Palliative Medicine,\u00a011<\/i>(8), 1077-1082.\u00a0<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/jpm.2008.0023\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/jpm.2008.0023<\/a><\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\"><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Branch, T., &amp; Paranjape, T. (2002). 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Evaluation of the effectiveness of UK community pharmacists&#8217; interventions in community palliative care.<i>\u00a0Palliative Medicine,\u00a016<\/i>(3), 219-225.\u00a0<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1191\/0269216302pm533oa\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1191\/0269216302pm533oa<\/a><\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\"><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span lang=\"EN-GB\">O\u2019Connor, M., Fisher, C., &amp; Guilfoyle, A. (2006). Interdisciplinary teams in palliative care: A critical reflection.<i>\u00a0International Journal of Palliative Nursing,\u00a012<\/i>(3), 132-137.\u00a0<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12968\/ijpn.2006.12.3.20698\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12968\/ijpn.2006.12.3.20698<\/a><\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\"><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span lang=\"EN-GB\">O&#8217;Connor, M., Pugh, J., Jiwa, M., Hughes, J., &amp; Fisher, C. (2011). The palliative care interdisciplinary team: Where is the community pharmacist?<i>\u00a0Journal of Palliative Medicine, 14<\/i>(1), 7-11. <\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/jpm.2010.0369\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/jpm.2010.0369<\/a><\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\"><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Ryan, J. (2003). Continuous professional development along the continuum of lifelong learning.<i>\u00a0Nurse Education Today,\u00a023<\/i>(7), 498-508. <\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0260-6917(03)00074-1\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0260-6917(03)00074-1<\/a><\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\"><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Saldan\u0303a, J. (2016).\u00a0<i>The coding manual for qualitative researchers<\/i>\u00a0(3rd Ed.). London: Sage.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Sch\u00f6n, D. (1983). <i>The reflective practitioner. <\/i>New York, NY: Basic Books.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Steinert, Y., Cruess, S., Cruess, R., &amp; Snell, L. (2005). Faculty development for teaching and evaluating professionalism: From programme design to curriculum change.\u00a0<i>Medical Education<\/i>,\u00a039(2), 127-136.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Vernon, J., Brien, J., Dooley, M., &amp; Spruyt, O. (1999). <i>Multidisciplinary treatment paths and medication management of palliative care patients.<\/i> Proceedings of the Australian Society of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacologists and Toxicologists, 7, 74.<\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\"><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">*Andrea Thompson<br \/>\r\nUniversity of Auckland,<br \/>\r\nBuilding 599, Level 12,<br \/>\r\nAuckland City Hospital<br \/>\r\nPrivate Bag 92019,<br \/>\r\nAuckland 1142<br \/>\r\nTel: +6499231906<br \/>\r\nEmail: andrea.thompson@auckland.ac.nz<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/p>","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":4,"template":"","issues_category":[12],"archive_category":[],"issue_type":[25],"volume_category":[43],"class_list":["post-814","issues","type-issues","status-publish","hentry","issues_category-original-articles","issue_type-past-issue","volume_category-volume-5-number-2-may-2020"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Deeper conversations: Palliative care education for pharmacists makes a difference - The Asia Pacific Scholar<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/taps\/issues\/deeper-conversations-palliative-care-education-for-pharmacists-makes-a-difference\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Deeper conversations: Palliative care education for pharmacists makes a difference - The Asia Pacific Scholar\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Published online: 5 May, TAPS 2020, 5(2), 22-31 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.29060\/TAPS.2020-5-2\/OA2173 Andrea Thompson1, Tanisha Jowsey1, Helen Butler1, Augusta Connor2, Emma Griffiths2, Hadley Brown2 &amp; 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