{"id":72303,"date":"2023-11-27T14:02:36","date_gmt":"2023-11-27T06:02:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/taps\/?post_type=issues&p=72303"},"modified":"2024-04-02T08:12:04","modified_gmt":"2024-04-02T00:12:04","slug":"raising-awareness-on-the-realities-of-antibiotic-use-through-a-public-engagement-reflection-based-assignment","status":"publish","type":"issues","link":"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/taps\/issues\/raising-awareness-on-the-realities-of-antibiotic-use-through-a-public-engagement-reflection-based-assignment\/","title":{"rendered":"Raising awareness on the realities of antibiotic use through a public engagement-reflection based assignment"},"content":{"rendered":"

Submitted: 25 May 2023
\r\nAccepted: 27 July 2023
\r\nPublished online: 2 January, TAPS 2024, 9(1), 61-63
\r\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.29060\/TAPS.2024-9-1\/CS3061<\/a><\/p>\r\n

Veranja Liyanapathirana <\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka<\/span><\/i><\/p>\r\n

\r\n

I. <\/span>INTRODUCTION<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\r\n

Antimicrobial resistance has been considered a \u201csilent\u201d global pandemic of magnitudes similar to climate change. However, just as climate change, awareness and understanding of the public on this needs to be increased. Recent work from Sri Lanka indicates the same (Gunasekera et al., 2022). World Health Organisation (WHO) also recommends that awareness should be increased among those involved in antibiotic prescription as well as consumers and that this should be made part of the core curriculum in professional training (World Health Organisation, 2023). Those studying in health-science related streams and other biology related streams tend to take knowledge on concepts like \u201cmicroorganisms\u201d, \u201cinfectious diseases\u201d and \u201cantibiotics\u201d as granted. As they are taught these concepts, or they revise what they learnt in school once again in the university, they assume that the others may also have an acceptable level of understanding on these key concepts. This leads to a communication gap between the two groups of people, the ones who have formal education on concepts like \u201cmicroorganisms\u201d, \u201cinfectious diseases\u201d and \u201cantibiotics\u201d and the ones who do not have such education. Therefore, we find that health education materials are not targeted to the level of simplicity that is required by the general public. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

The target audience for the assignment in this particular course were from a general biology background, with no training in health-sciences in the university. For these students, a course on \u201cBacteria of Medical Importance\u201d was commenced in the first semester of the third year. This included introductory lectures on antibiotics, antibiotic sensitivity testing and antimicrobial resistance.\u00a0 The course was conducted by the staff of the Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka and the given assignment was designed and conducted by the author. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

This activity was planned as an assignment with a reflective component, so that the undergraduates who follow the course would get a first-hand experience in the extent of ignorance that is there regarding antibiotics and their use in the community. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

II. <\/span>METHODS<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\r\n

The assignment being described was developed aiming at increasing the awareness among the participants on the ground reality about the public perceptions on antibiotic use and resistance. At the same time, the activity also aimed to develop reflective practices among the students. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

The assignment included the following simple instructions as shown in Table 1. Students were given a period of two weeks to complete the task and upload the content to the learner management system. Students were requested to inform the interviewee they had chosen that the assignment was part of their course work and were requested to get verbal consent for participation. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

Once the assignments were submitted, evaluation was conducted and students were given feedback on their reflective write up. For this paper, their reflective write ups were coded and thematically analysed.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
\r\n

Talk to a family member\/friend who has had no formal teaching on microbiology or health sciences and ask the following questions in English or in the language you converse in. Document the answers you get, translate to English. The last two questions are for you to answer. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u2022 Age of the person spoken to <\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u2022 Highest educational qualification of the person you spoke to<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u2022 Occupation of the person you spoke to (if a university student, state the course)<\/span><\/p>\r\n

1.What is an antibiotic (open ended question)? <\/span><\/p>\r\n

2.When did you last take an antibiotic? <\/span><\/p>\r\n

    \r\n\t
  1. Within week<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t
  2. Within a month<\/li>\r\n\t
  3. Cannot remember<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n

    3. How did you get that antibiotic?<\/span><\/p>\r\n

      \r\n\t
    1. A doctor prescribed it<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t
    2. I got it over the counter from a pharmacy<\/li>\r\n\t
    3. It was left-overs from home<\/li>\r\n\t
    4. Other: Please specify<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n

      4. What was the antibiotic you took?<\/span><\/p>\r\n

        \r\n\t
      1. Give the name:\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t
      2. Do not know<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n

        5. Name two other antibiotics you know of.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

          \r\n\t
        1. 1<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t
        2. 2<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n

          6. Have you ever taken antibiotics when you have had a cold?<\/span><\/p>\r\n

            \r\n\t
          1. Yes<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t
          2. No<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n

            7. What group of micro-organisms cause common cold? <\/span><\/p>\r\n

              \r\n\t
            1. Bacteria<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t
            2. Virus<\/li>\r\n\t
            3. Fungi<\/li>\r\n\t
            4. Parasite<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n

              8. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

              8.1 Do you think it is correct to take antibiotics for common cold?<\/span><\/p>\r\n

                \r\n\t
              1. Yes<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t
              2. No<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n

                8.2 Why? (Open ended question): \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026..<\/span><\/p>\r\n

                \u2022State one more question you would have liked to ask the participant (just state this without asking your informant): \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

                \u2022Your reflection on the answers you got in relation to combatting antimicrobial resistance (500 words): \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026..<\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n

                Table 1: The assignment<\/span><\/p>\r\n

                \r\n

                III. <\/span>RESULTS<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\r\n

                There were 11 students who took the said course and all of them submitted the assignment on time. The common themes and the narrative that emerged from the analysis of the reflections given by the participants follows. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

                The subjects interviewed by students were from varying backgrounds. And while some knew that viruses cause common cold other did not know or thought it was caused by bacteria. Nine of the eleven participants interviewed had stated that taking antibiotics for common cold was correct. The reasons given by the subjects interviewed were that doctors prescribe; therefore, antibiotics are indicated in common cold, antibiotics are more potent than pain killers, they give faster cure and boost immunity. Students reflected that the knowledge on antibiotics was poor among the subjects interviewed. Students identified that there is a need for education on this among the general public. There was a theme that emerged which queried the reason for medical officers continue to prescribe antibiotics for common cold as they have been equipped for the necessary knowledge. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

                IV. <\/span>DISCUSSION<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\r\n

                Reflection is a learned skill. This is not formally taught in many undergraduate courses in Sri Lanka or during secondary education. Therefore, some of the students in the course had written accounts on what is correct and incorrect in relation to antibiotic use or accounts on antibiotic resistance instead of writing a reflection as instructed. Some students did write reflections, still their reflections were mostly not in relation to the possible implications on combatting antimicrobial resistance, but on the answers given in general. Students were given feedback on their reflections. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

                However, from the reflections provided, a narrative could be derived as stated in the results section, which shows that collectively, their reflections do generate a narrative that is useful. Therefore, from the next batch onwards, we plan to get the students to construct a narrative from their collective reflections. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

                This was the first time this assignment was used. We chose the questions used as in the local context, antibiotic misuse for upper respiratory tract infections is the commonest reason for antibiotic prescription as well as irrational use (Tillekeratne et al., 2017). But, globally too, upper respiratory tract infections are one of the commonest reasons for antibiotic prescriptions. <\/span><\/p>\r\n

                We plan to modify this assignment slightly and use it on other undergraduates or postgraduates who are following courses on antibiotics and antimicrobial resistance. As pre-activity exercise, we would like to conduct a briefing session on reflective writing, before the assignment is given to the students.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

                V. <\/span>CONCLUSION<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\r\n

                The given assignment can be modified and used to increase awareness on the ground realities about the understanding on antibiotics among students who are being educated on antibiotics and antibiotic resistance.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

                Notes on Contributors<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\r\n

                The author conceptualised, conducted and evaluated the assignment and drafted the paper.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

                Acknowledgement<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\r\n

                The author would like to acknowledge all the students of the class and the participants they interviewed.\u00a0 <\/span><\/p>\r\n

                Funding<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\r\n

                No funding was received for the activity.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

                Declaration of Interest<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\r\n

                The author does not have any conflict of interest to declare.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

                References<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\r\n

                Gunasekera<\/span>, Y. D., Kinnison, T., Kottawatta, S. A., Silva-Fletcher, A., & Kalupahana, R. S. (2022). Misconceptions of antibiotics as a potential explanation for their misuse. A survey of the general public in a rural and urban community in Sri Lanka. Antibiotics, 11<\/i>(4), 454.<\/span> https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics11040454<\/a><\/span> <\/span><\/p>\r\n

                Tillekeratne, L. G., Bodinayake, C. K., Dabrera, T., Nagahawatte, A., Arachchi, W. K., Sooriyaarachchi, A., Stewart, K., Watt, M., \u00d8stbye, T., & Woods, C. W. (2017). Antibiotic overuse for acute respiratory tract infections in Sri Lanka: A qualitative study of outpatients and their physicians. BMC Family Practice<\/i>, 18<\/i>(1), Article 37. <\/span>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12875-017-0619-z<\/a><\/span> <\/span><\/p>\r\n

                World Health Organisation. (2023, June) Raising awareness and educating on antimicrobial resistance<\/i>. <\/span>https:\/\/www.who.int\/activities\/raising-awareness-and-educating-on-antimicrobial-resistance<\/a><\/p>\r\n

                *Veranja Liyanapathirana
                \r\nDepartment of Microbiology,
                \r\nFaculty of Medicine,
                \r\nUniversity of Peradeniya,
                \r\nGalaha Rd, Peradeniya 20400,
                \r\nSri Lanka
                \r\n+94777060887
                \r\nEmail: veranja.liyanapathirana@med.pdn.ac.lk<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":10,"template":"","issues_category":[18],"archive_category":[],"issue_type":[25],"volume_category":[61881],"class_list":["post-72303","issues","type-issues","status-publish","hentry","issues_category-case-study","issue_type-past-issue","volume_category-volume-9-number-1-january-2024"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nRaising awareness on the realities of antibiotic use through a public engagement-reflection based assignment - The Asia Pacific Scholar<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/taps\/issues\/raising-awareness-on-the-realities-of-antibiotic-use-through-a-public-engagement-reflection-based-assignment\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Raising awareness on the realities of antibiotic use through a public engagement-reflection based assignment - The Asia Pacific Scholar\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Submitted: 25 May 2023 Accepted: 27 July 2023 Published online: 2 January, TAPS 2024, 9(1), 61-63 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.29060\/TAPS.2024-9-1\/CS3061 Veranja Liyanapathirana Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka I. 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