{"id":70737,"date":"2021-07-12T10:03:38","date_gmt":"2021-07-12T02:03:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/taps\/?post_type=issues&#038;p=70737"},"modified":"2021-10-05T08:42:46","modified_gmt":"2021-10-05T00:42:46","slug":"effective-remote-teaching-transitioning-small-group-teaching-online","status":"publish","type":"issues","link":"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/taps\/issues\/effective-remote-teaching-transitioning-small-group-teaching-online\/","title":{"rendered":"Effective remote teaching: Transitioning small group teaching online"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Submitted: 23<span lang=\"EN-GB\">\u00a0July <\/span>2020<br \/>\r\nAccepted: 21 October 2020<br \/>\r\nPublished online: 13<span lang=\"EN-GB\"> July, TAPS 2021, <\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">6(3), 121-123<\/span><br \/>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.29060\/TAPS.2021-6-3\/CS2361\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.29060\/TAPS.2021-6-3\/CS2361<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Sandra E Carr, Katrine Nehyba &amp; Br\u00edd Phillips<\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\"><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Division of Health Professions Education, School of Allied Health, The University of Western Australia, Australia<\/span><\/i><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong><span lang=\"EN-GB\">I. <\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">INTRODUCTION<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<div>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">COVID-19 has caused a major disruption to medical education with many educators making rapid shifts to online teaching (<\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Sandars et al., 2020<\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">). Many have had to make critical changes in their instructional delivery (Ferrel &amp; Ryan, 2020; Perkins et al., 2020). These changes may have lasting effects on the shape of educational delivery impacting generations to come (Ferrel &amp; Ryan, 2020). It is important to share these changes and innovations as \u201cStudents and educators can help document and analyse the effects of current changes to learn and apply new principles and practices to the future\u201d (Rose, 2020, p. 2132). Our case study examined the transition of small group teaching from blended learning to an emergency remote teaching environment.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"center\" style=\"text-align: center\"><strong><span lang=\"EN-GB\">II. <\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">CONTEXT<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">At the University of Western Australia, medical students undertake a scholarly activity during the third and final years of their Doctor of Medicine that enables specialisations in research or coursework. Of these students, 27% (n=65) choose a specialisation in Medical Education and graduate having completed 75% of a graduate certificate in health professions education. The first unit, Principles of Teaching and Learning offers an introduction to educational theory, curriculum design, teaching and assessment with a focus on developing teaching skills in small and large group settings and applies blended learning strategies. The final assignment assesses small group teaching techniques and the application of peer assisted learning and feedback. This group assignment requires students to:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">a. Develop, plan and deliver a face to face small group teaching activity.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">b. Describe and assess the group work processes using an audio journal and group assessment rating.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">c. Engage in Peer Observation of Teaching.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">With the advent of COVID-19 a change in the assessment was required. The 65 students were informed that the group work would have to occur on line and the small group teaching activity would now be an online Video Presentation. Within the Blackboard learning management system, each group had access to a Discussion Board and a virtual meeting tool to support collaboration and teamwork. The marking rubric was not adjusted so the focus on application of small group teaching techniques remained. The video of the developed small group teaching activity was uploaded along with the audio journal and peer observation of teaching components of the assessment.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong><span lang=\"EN-GB\">III. <\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">STUDENT EXPERIENCE<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">We undertook a thematic analysis of students\u2019 audio journals and written responses to describe their experience in five broad themes (see Figure 1).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/taps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/07\/CS2361-Figure-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-70738\" width=\"640\" height=\"451\" srcset=\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/taps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/07\/CS2361-Figure-1.png 640w, https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/taps\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/07\/CS2361-Figure-1-300x211.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"center\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Figure 1. Student experiences of an online group assignment<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Thirty percent of students reported aspects of working online as beneficial, and in some ways an improvement on face-to-face contact. For example, students who otherwise could have experienced difficulty meeting in person were able communicate and meet more easily:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">\u201c\u2026we have already managed to organise our first meeting quite swiftly and with ease\u2026\u201d \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/i><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"right\"><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">(S1)<\/span><\/i><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">They also reported learning new skills: <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">\u201cThis group project taught me valuable skills when working in an online environment, including how to utilise and contribute in video meetings, share resources and regularly update the group\u2026\u201d \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/i><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"right\"><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">(S25)<\/span><\/i><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">\u201cI have also learnt that filming or video is a great medium to communicate messages\u2026once it is done, it can be a very effective tool.\u201d \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/i><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"right\"><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">(S5)<\/span><\/i><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">However, not unexpectedly, some of the changes were seen as restrictions. The students talked of being <i>\u201c\u2026banned from entering the hospital\u2026\u201d<\/i> and of <i>\u201c\u2026having no access\u2026\u201d<\/i> to equipment or rooms, and <i>\u201c\u2026we can\u2019t do it with social distancing\u2026\u201d<\/i> This led to feelings of disappointment and frustration, as they tried to find feasible options for the assignment.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">\u201c\u2026all four of us were trying to actively brainstorm for an hour, trying to think of something\u2026\u201d \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/i><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"right\"><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">\u00a0(S60)<\/span><\/i><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">\u201c\u2026we had fantastic plans\u2026but unfortunately we didn\u2019t have any of these options\u2026\u201d \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/i><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"right\"><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">(S25)<\/span><\/i><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">The perceived restrictions challenged the students\u2019 persistence and adaptability (Ferrel &amp; Ryan, 2020) and led them to compromise. One student, after their group changed their assignment idea from venepuncture to handwashing, said <i>\u201c\u2026we\u2026decided to try and make this idea work the best we could.\u201d (S18).<\/i> This adjustment and negotiation of ideas led to some innovative and varied submissions, using, for example, dolls; online role-plays; on-screen debate and custom virtual backgrounds.\u00a0 <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Another theme that emerged was that of a shared experience, and a sense of we\u2019re all in this together.\u00a0 The use of online communication platforms such as Zoom and Facebook Chat, and the use of shared documents meant that<i> \u201c\u2026everyone could be involved, regardless\u2026\u201d<\/i> There was evidence of a supportive environment and shared accountability, to ensure that they were <i>\u201c\u2026giving everyone a chance\u2026\u201d<\/i> and <i>\u201c\u2026everyone seemed equally invested\u2026\u201d\u00a0 <\/i><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Finally, despite the changes, restrictions and compromise, the students remained task-focussed and were able to plan, allocate, collaborate and communicate in their new online environment. The spread of grades for this assignment was consistent with previous cohorts, suggesting that the change in method was not detrimental to their performance. They were aware of potential dangers of working in this new, unknown way.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">\u201c\u2026it will be important for us to be mindful of the risk of losing a professional mindset during our meetings, and divert away from the task at hand.\u201d <\/span><\/i><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"right\"><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">(S1)<\/span><\/i><span lang=\"EN-GB\"><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">However, they described the same professional behaviours that would be expected in a face-to-face assignment, such as planning; delegation; effective communication; setting and meeting deadlines; and providing constructive feedback to other team members.\u00a0 <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">\u00a0\u201c\u2026our team worked really well together.\u00a0 I suspect things worked out exceedingly well thanks to COVID and lockdown, which forced us to work online.\u201d <\/span><\/i><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"right\"><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">(S8)<\/span><\/i><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\"><\/span><strong><span lang=\"EN-GB\">IV. CONCLUSION<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Sklar states that during these unprecedented times \u201c\u2026it is important that our voices are loud about what we have experienced and learned\u201d (Sklar, 2020, p. 9). In this case study we have described an experience of emergency remote teaching, in which a face-to-face small group teaching assignment was moved online. Our experience suggests that, even with its challenges, it was a success. Despite restrictions and compromise the students reported beneficial aspects to working online, and demonstrated a sense of comradery and professionalism while developing digital learning skills that are proving essential for learners and applicable for health professionals in the 21st century. <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"center\"><strong><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Notes on Contributors<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Sandra Carr conceived the idea of the case study and contributed to the design of the work, gathered the qualitative data and interpretation of the findings. Katrine Nehyba contributed to the design of the case study, searched the supporting and relevant literature, undertook the thematic analysis of the data and constructed the Figure. Br\u00edd Phillips contributed to the design of the work, searched the supporting and relevant literature to construct the rationale and introduction and contributed to the interpretation of the findings. All contributed to confirmation of the themes, the Discussion and Conclusion. All reviewed and contributed to each draft of the paper and approval the final submission.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"center\"><strong><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Acknowledgement<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">This project was subject to ethical approval by the human ethics committee of the University of Western Australia. Consent was waived in line with the ethical approval obtained.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"center\" style=\"text-align: center\"><strong><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Funding<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">This work has not received any external funding.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"center\" style=\"text-align: center\"><strong><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Declaration of Interest<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">All authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"center\" style=\"text-align: center\"><strong><span lang=\"EN-GB\">References<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Ferrel, M., &amp; Ryan, J. (2020). The Impact of COVID-19 on Medical Education. <i>Cur\u0113us<\/i>, <i>12<\/i>(3), e7492\u2013e7492. <\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.7492\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.7492<\/span><\/a><\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\"><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Perkins, A., Kelly, S., Dumbleton, H., &amp; Whitfield, S. (2020). Pandemic pupils: COVID-19 and the impact on student paramedics. <i>Australasian Journal of Paramedicine, 17<\/i>(1), 1-4. <\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33151\/ajp.17.811\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33151\/ajp.17.811<\/span><\/a><\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\"><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Rose, S. (2020). Medical student education in the time of COVID-19. <i>Journal of the American Medical Association, 323<\/i>(21), 2131\u20132132. <\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2020.5227\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2020.5227<\/span><\/a><\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\"><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Sandars, J., Correia, R., Dankbaar, M., de Jong, P., Goh, P., Hege, I., Masters, K., Oh, S., Patel, R., Premkumar, K., Webb, A., &amp; Pusic, M. (2020). Twelve tips for rapidly migrating to online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. <i>MedEdPublish, 9<\/i>(1), 82. <\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15694\/mep.2020.000082.1\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15694\/mep.2020.000082.1<\/span><\/a><\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\"><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Sklar, D. (2020). COVID-19: Lessons from the disaster that can improve health professions education. <i>Academic Medicine, 95<\/i>(11), 1631\u20131633. <\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ACM.0000000000003547\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ACM.0000000000003547<\/span><\/a><\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\"><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span lang=\"EN-GB\">*Sandra Carr<br \/>\r\nDivision of Health Professions Education<br \/>\r\nThe University of Western Australia<br \/>\r\n35 Stirling Hwy,<br \/>\r\nCrawley WA 6009, Australia<br \/>\r\nTel: +61 64886892<br \/>\r\nEmail: Sandra.carr@uwa.edu.au<br \/>\r\n<\/span><\/p>","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":21,"template":"","issues_category":[18],"archive_category":[],"issue_type":[25],"volume_category":[61867],"class_list":["post-70737","issues","type-issues","status-publish","hentry","issues_category-case-study","issue_type-past-issue","volume_category-volume-6-number-3-july-2021"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Effective remote teaching: Transitioning small group teaching online - The Asia Pacific Scholar<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/taps\/issues\/effective-remote-teaching-transitioning-small-group-teaching-online\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Effective remote teaching: Transitioning small group teaching online - The Asia Pacific Scholar\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Submitted: 23\u00a0July 2020 Accepted: 21 October 2020 Published online: 13 July, TAPS 2021, 6(3), 121-123 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.29060\/TAPS.2021-6-3\/CS2361 Sandra E Carr, Katrine Nehyba &amp; Br\u00edd Phillips Division of Health Professions Education, School of Allied Health, The University of Western Australia, Australia I. 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