{"id":5809,"date":"2017-06-08T11:29:34","date_gmt":"2017-06-08T03:29:34","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/?page_id=5809"},"modified":"2023-04-03T13:43:00","modified_gmt":"2023-04-03T05:43:00","slug":"i-urogenital-system-where-to-start","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/pathology-demystified\/urogenital-pathology\/i-urogenital-system-where-to-start\/","title":{"rendered":"I. Urogenital System: Where to Start"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\t<p><strong>Keep\u00a0calm.<\/strong>\u00a0The best way to approach this topic is to break it up into smaller chunks. Before starting, read the <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/pathology-demystified\/urogenital-pathology\/\">Chapter Home<\/a><\/strong> page first in order to get a broad overview of the approach in this chapter.<\/p>\n<p>To start, we can <strong>classify the UG system into THREE main anatomical sections<\/strong>\u00a0and within each section\u00a0<strong>organise the conditions into main disease categories<\/strong>, so you don&#8217;t lose track of the big picture.<\/p>\n<p>Anatomical subdivision: There are <strong>THREE<\/strong> natural divisions in the urogenital tract:<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--label-0\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"fl-accordion--panel-0\">I. Kidney (Click to expand)<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--icon-0\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"fl-accordion--panel-0\"><i>Expand<\/i><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<ul> \t\n<li>Functions:\n<ul> \t\n<li>Excrete waste products of metabolism (generate approximately 1L of urine from 1700L of blood daily)<\/li>\n\n<li>Maintain salt and water balance in body<\/li>\n\n<li>Endocrine organ &#8211; secrete hormones\n<ul> \t\n<li>Erythropoietin<\/li>\n\n<li>Renin<\/li>\n\n<li>Prostaglandins<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n<li>Note &#8211; renal diseases not only cause fatality but can also pursue chronic causes and is the cause of significant long term morbidity<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Structure:<\/p>\n<ul> \t\n<li>Think of kidney as 4 main histological compartments\/units<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<ol> \t\n<li>Glomeruli (FILTERS &#8211; often affected by immune mediated conditions)<\/li>\n\n<li>Tubules and interstitium (RESORBERS &#8211; often affected by infections and toxic agents)<\/li>\n\n<li>Vessels (eg. Vasculitis, hypertension)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>and<\/p>\n<ol start=\"4\"> \t\n<li>Pelvicalyceal system (conditions are similar to those affecting the Lower Urinary Tract)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--label-0\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"fl-accordion--panel-0\">II. Lower Urinary Tract (Click to expand)<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--icon-0\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"fl-accordion--panel-0\"><i>Expand<\/i><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<ul> \t\n<li>Components: Ureters, urinary bladder, urethra\n<p>Functions: Conduit to channel urine from kidneys to bladder for storage and then expulsion through urethra<\/p>\n<p>Main disease categories include:<\/p>\n<p>I. Infectious\/Inflammatory conditions (eg. Cystitis &#8211; urinary tract infection involving the bladder )<\/p>\n<p>II. Congenital disorders (eg, Vesioreteric reflux; posterior urethral valves)<\/p>\n<p>III. Neoplasmc (eg. Urothelial carcinoma)<\/p>\n<p>IV. Calculi<\/p>\nSince the organs are tubes or hollow organs, obstruction is an important complication of various diseases in the lower urinary tract.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--label-0\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"fl-accordion--panel-0\">III. Male Genital System (Click to expand)<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--icon-0\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"fl-accordion--panel-0\"><i>Expand<\/i><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Main disease categories include:<\/p>\n<p>I. Inflammatory \/ Infectious (eg. Sexually transmitted infections)<\/p>\n<p>II. Congenital (eg. Undescended testes(<\/p>\n<p>III. Neoplastic (eg. Carcinoma of the prostate)<\/p>\n<p>Notice that the categories are practically the same as in the Lower Urinary Tract<\/p>\n\t<p><strong>Note: You will see the term &#8220;renal failure&#8221; a lot in this blog. After you finish going through this, refer to your lecture notes for the causes of Acute and Chronic Renal Failure (Lecture III) and try to CLASSIFY them according to what you have learned here (eg. glomerular vs tubulointerstitial vs lower urinary tract), so they are easier to remember.<\/strong><\/p>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/pathology-demystified\/urogenital-pathology\/i-urogenital-system-where-to-start\/\" target=\"_self\" role=\"button\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tI. Urogenital System: Where to Start?\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/pathology-demystified\/urogenital-pathology\/ii-clinical-manifestations-and-investigations\/\" target=\"_self\" role=\"button\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tII. Clinical Manifestations and Investigations\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/pathology-demystified\/urogenital-pathology\/iii-lower-urinary-tract-and-male-genital-system\/\" target=\"_self\" role=\"button\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIII. Lower Urinary Tract and Male Genital System\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/pathology-demystified\/urogenital-pathology\/iv-kidney-diseases\/\" target=\"_self\" role=\"button\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIV. Kidney Diseases\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/pathology-demystified\/urogenital-pathology\/v-ug-system-talking-pots\/\" target=\"_self\" role=\"button\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tV. UG System: Talking Pots\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/pathology-demystified\/urogenital-pathology\/urogenital-system-quiz\/\" target=\"_self\" role=\"button\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tVI. Urogenital System: Quizzes\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/pathology-demystified\/pathology-in-action-real-life-cases\/pathology-in-action-a-kidney-tumour\/\" target=\"_blank\" role=\"button\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA Real Life Case: A Kidney Tumour\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/pathology-demystified\/urogenital-pathology\/urogenital-system-one-page-summary\/\" target=\"_self\" role=\"button\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tUrogenital System: Study Notes and One Page Summary\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/pathology-demystified\/urogenital-pathology\/\" target=\"_self\" role=\"button\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tUrogenital System Chapter Home\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/pathology-demystified\/\" target=\"_self\" role=\"button\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPathology Demystified\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Keep\u00a0calm.\u00a0The best way to approach this topic is to break it up into smaller chunks. Before starting, read the Chapter Home page first in order to get a broad overview of the approach in this chapter. To start, we can classify the UG system into THREE main anatomical sections\u00a0and within each section\u00a0organise the conditions into [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":5799,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-5809","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>NUS Pathweb<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/pathology-demystified\/urogenital-pathology\/i-urogenital-system-where-to-start\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Keep\u00a0calm.\u00a0The best way to approach this topic is to break it up into smaller chunks. Before starting, read the Chapter Home page first in order to get a broad overview of the approach in this chapter. To start, we can classify the UG system into THREE main anatomical sections\u00a0and within each section\u00a0organise the conditions into [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/pathology-demystified\/urogenital-pathology\/i-urogenital-system-where-to-start\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"NUS Pathweb\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2023-04-03T05:43:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"2 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/pathology-demystified\/urogenital-pathology\/i-urogenital-system-where-to-start\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/pathology-demystified\/urogenital-pathology\/i-urogenital-system-where-to-start\/\",\"name\":\"\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2017-06-08T03:29:34+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2023-04-03T05:43:00+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/pathology-demystified\/urogenital-pathology\/i-urogenital-system-where-to-start\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/pathology-demystified\/urogenital-pathology\/i-urogenital-system-where-to-start\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/pathology-demystified\/urogenital-pathology\/i-urogenital-system-where-to-start\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Pathology Demystified\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/pathology-demystified\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"Urogenital Pathology\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/pathology-demystified\/urogenital-pathology\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":4,\"name\":\"I. Urogenital System: Where to Start\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/\",\"name\":\"NUS Pathweb\",\"description\":\"Pathology made easy\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/#organization\",\"name\":\"NUS Medicine PathWeb\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/NUS-Medicine-Logo.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/NUS-Medicine-Logo.png\",\"width\":300,\"height\":61,\"caption\":\"NUS Medicine PathWeb\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/pathweb\/\",\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UC3FweZwONWAicB72vF9P5ew\/playlists\"]}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"NUS Pathweb","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/pathology-demystified\/urogenital-pathology\/i-urogenital-system-where-to-start\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_description":"Keep\u00a0calm.\u00a0The best way to approach this topic is to break it up into smaller chunks. Before starting, read the Chapter Home page first in order to get a broad overview of the approach in this chapter. To start, we can classify the UG system into THREE main anatomical sections\u00a0and within each section\u00a0organise the conditions into [&hellip;]","og_url":"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/pathology-demystified\/urogenital-pathology\/i-urogenital-system-where-to-start\/","og_site_name":"NUS Pathweb","article_modified_time":"2023-04-03T05:43:00+00:00","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Est. reading time":"2 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/pathology-demystified\/urogenital-pathology\/i-urogenital-system-where-to-start\/","url":"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/pathology-demystified\/urogenital-pathology\/i-urogenital-system-where-to-start\/","name":"","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/#website"},"datePublished":"2017-06-08T03:29:34+00:00","dateModified":"2023-04-03T05:43:00+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/pathology-demystified\/urogenital-pathology\/i-urogenital-system-where-to-start\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/pathology-demystified\/urogenital-pathology\/i-urogenital-system-where-to-start\/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/pathology-demystified\/urogenital-pathology\/i-urogenital-system-where-to-start\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Pathology Demystified","item":"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/pathology-demystified\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Urogenital Pathology","item":"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/pathology-demystified\/urogenital-pathology\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":4,"name":"I. Urogenital System: Where to Start"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/#website","url":"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/","name":"NUS Pathweb","description":"Pathology made easy","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/#organization","name":"NUS Medicine PathWeb","url":"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/NUS-Medicine-Logo.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/NUS-Medicine-Logo.png","width":300,"height":61,"caption":"NUS Medicine PathWeb"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/pathweb\/","https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UC3FweZwONWAicB72vF9P5ew\/playlists"]}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5809"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5809"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5809\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":36030,"href":"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5809\/revisions\/36030"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5799"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5809"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}