{"id":4709,"date":"2017-04-06T14:29:25","date_gmt":"2017-04-06T06:29:25","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/?page_id=4709"},"modified":"2023-04-03T11:53:02","modified_gmt":"2023-04-03T03:53:02","slug":"iii-clinical-effects-of-neoplasms","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/pathology-demystified\/neoplasia\/iii-clinical-effects-of-neoplasms\/","title":{"rendered":"IV. Clinical Effects"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h3>\n\t\t1. Clinical effects\n\t<\/h3>\n\t<p>Tumours can cause significant clinical effects, and even lead to death, if not diagnosed and treated early. Even benign tumours can cause life threatening clinical effects, eg. Intracranial tumours giving rise to increased intracranial pressure; endocrine tumours causing severe hypoglycaemia; bleeding from vascular tumours.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Clinical effects of tumours<\/strong> \u00a0(adapted from\u00a0<em>Robbins and Cotrans Pathologic Basis of Disease).\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/Clin-efects-on-host-jpg.jpg\" alt=\"clin-efects-on-host-jpg\" itemprop=\"image\" height=\"767\" width=\"1362\" title=\"clin-efects-on-host-jpg\" onerror=\"this.style.display='none'\"  \/>\n\t<p>This video summarises clinical effects:<\/p>\n<h1>\n\t\tMINDMAP: CLINICAL EFFECTS OF TUMOURS ON HOST\n\t<\/h1>\n\t<p>If you can&#8217;t play the video, watch it here on YouTube: <a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/2PP_Z9hcLus\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/youtu.be\/2PP_Z9hcLus<\/a><\/p>\n\t<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/217471955\" width=\"640\" height=\"483\" frameborder=\"0\" webkitallowfullscreen mozallowfullscreen allowfullscreen><\/iframe><br \/>\n<h3>\n\t\t2. Prognosis (Malignant Tumours)\n\t<\/h3>\n\t<p>The prognosis is a forecast of the outcome of the disease (eg. good prognosis; poor prognosis).\u00a0The TWO most important prognostic factors are <strong>Stage <\/strong>and <strong>Grade<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>These parameters give an idea of the <strong>clinical aggressiveness<\/strong> of the tumour. <\/p>\n<h4><strong>What is tumour stage?<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>Tumour stage essentially refers to the <strong>size<\/strong> and\/or\u00a0<strong>extent\u00a0<\/strong>of the tumour growth.<\/p>\n<p>Clinical findings, radiological imaging (CT scans, MRI, PET scans etc), intra-operative surgical findings and pathology reports of excised tumours are used to stage tumours.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>The <strong>AJCC TNM Staging system (American Joint Committee on Cancer)<\/strong> is widely used. \u00a0Different tumours have different TNM staging systems\u00a0according to site and\/or tissue of origin.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.nus.edu.sg\/pathotest2\/files\/2015\/09\/ajcc-2mlwki5.jpg\" alt=\"ajcc\" width=\"238\" height=\"322\" \/><\/p>\n\n<h4><strong>What is tumour grade?<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>Tumour grade reflects the <strong>degree of differentiation<\/strong> of the tumour &#8211; how well the tumour cells resemble the tissue of origin. The closer the resemblance, the lower the grade. In high grade tumours &#8211; the cells appear very abnormal and are hard to recognise as a certain cell type.<\/p>\n<p>Tumour grade is thus always assessed MICROSCOPICALLY by the pathologist &#8211; based on architecture and nuclear features.<\/p>\n<p>The <strong>MINDMAP<\/strong> <strong>below<\/strong> explains Staging and Grading in more detail.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h1>\n\t\tMINDMAP: STAGING AND GRADING\n\t<\/h1>\n\t<p>If you can&#8217;t play the video, watch it here on YouTube: <a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/6q4uM8bHFUc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/youtu.be\/6q4uM8bHFUc<\/a><\/p>\n\t<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/197134037\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" frameborder=\"0\" webkitallowfullscreen mozallowfullscreen allowfullscreen><\/iframe><br \/>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/pathology-demystified\/neoplasia\/outline\/\" target=\"_self\" role=\"button\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tI. Approach to Neoplasia\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/pathology-demystified\/neoplasia\/i-what-is-neoplasia\/\" target=\"_self\" role=\"button\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tII. What: Define, Classify, Name, Recognise\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/pathology-demystified\/neoplasia\/ii-how\/\" target=\"_self\" role=\"button\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIII. How: Pathogenesis\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/pathology-demystified\/neoplasia\/iii-clinical-effects-of-neoplasms\/\" target=\"_self\" role=\"button\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIV. Clinical Effects \n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/pathology-demystified\/neoplasia\/mediagallery\/\" target=\"_self\" role=\"button\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tV. Neoplasia: Media Gallery\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/pathology-demystified\/neoplasia\/more-exercises\/\" target=\"_blank\" role=\"button\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tVI. Neoplasia: Exercises\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/pathology-demystified\/neoplasia\/neoplasia-quiz\/\" target=\"_self\" role=\"button\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tVII. Neoplasia: Quiz\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/pathology-demystified\/neoplasia\/one-page-summary-study-notes\/\" target=\"_self\" role=\"button\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNeoplasia: Study Notes and One Page Summary\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/pathology-demystified\/neoplasia\/\" target=\"_self\" role=\"button\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNeoplasia Chapter Home\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/pathology-demystified\/\" target=\"_self\" role=\"button\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPathology Demystified\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>1. Clinical effects Tumours can cause significant clinical effects, and even lead to death, if not diagnosed and treated early. Even benign tumours can cause life threatening clinical effects, eg. Intracranial tumours giving rise to increased intracranial pressure; endocrine tumours causing severe hypoglycaemia; bleeding from vascular tumours. Clinical effects of tumours \u00a0(adapted from\u00a0Robbins and Cotrans [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":4669,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-4709","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>NUS Pathweb<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/pathology-demystified\/neoplasia\/iii-clinical-effects-of-neoplasms\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"1. 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