{"id":4560,"date":"2017-04-03T13:19:46","date_gmt":"2017-04-03T05:19:46","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/?page_id=4560"},"modified":"2023-04-03T12:40:42","modified_gmt":"2023-04-03T04:40:42","slug":"clinical-manifestations","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/pathology-demystified\/cardiovascular-system\/clinical-manifestations\/","title":{"rendered":"III. CVS Diseases &#8211; Clinical Manifestations"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\t<p>Diseases of the heart may manifest as both symptoms relating <strong>directly to the heart;\u00a0<\/strong><strong>regional or systemic symptoms<\/strong>. Here is a brief outline of an approach to understanding the clinical manifestations.<\/p>\n<p>You will learn about this in detail from clinical examination texts such as Talley and O&#8217;Connor.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Localized symptoms directly from cardiac pathology<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Chest pain, the nature of which is clinically important<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0 \u00a0Egs of some conditions\n<ul>\n<li>Ischaemia<\/li>\n<li>Pericarditis<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Palpitations (eg. arrhythmias)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Symptoms arising in other organs.\n<ul>\n<li>Renal induced water retention; renal impairment or failure<\/li>\n<li>Brain &#8211; cerebrovascular accident (infarct, haemorrhagic stroke &#8211; seen in poorly controlled hypertension or thromboembolism from atheromatous changes in carotid artery branches); hypertensive encephalopathy<\/li>\n<li>Lower limbs &#8211; peripheral vascular disease eg. lower limb pain on walking etc. (This is seen in patients with atheromatous changes and thromboembolic complications in the vessels supplying the lower limbs)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Systemic symptoms\n<ul>\n<li>Eg. Heart failure\n<ul>\n<li>Systemic venous congestion\n<ul>\n<li>Body cavity effusions, lower limb swelling, etc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Symptoms arising from pulmonary congestion and oedema (in left heart failure)\n<ul>\n<li>Dyspnoea and some specific types of dyspnoea; cough (read up on these)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Fatigue, dizziness, cool extremities<\/li>\n<li>Collapse from cardiogenic shock (eg. acute myocardial infarction, sudden cardiac death etc<\/li>\n<li>Cyanosis<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Symptoms related to infections\n<ul>\n<li>High fever &#8211; eg. infective endocarditis<strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Symptoms of aortic disease (thoracic, abdominal)\n<ul>\n<li>Severe pain radiating to back, shock and rapid mortality &#8211; eg. aortic dissection or rupture of aneurysm<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/pathology-demystified\/cardiovascular-system\/function\/\" target=\"_self\" role=\"button\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tI. Function\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/pathology-demystified\/cardiovascular-system\/classifying-cardiovascular-diseases\/\" target=\"_self\" role=\"button\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tII. Classifying Cardiovascular Diseases\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/pathology-demystified\/cardiovascular-system\/clinical-manifestations\/\" target=\"_self\" role=\"button\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIII. Clinical Manifestations\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/pathology-demystified\/cardiovascular-system\/main-cvs-diseases\/\" target=\"_self\" role=\"button\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIV. Main CVS Diseases\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/pathology-demystified\/cardiovascular-system\/cvs-media-gallery\/\" target=\"_self\" role=\"button\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tV. CVS: Talking Pots and Slides\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/pathology-demystified\/cardiovascular-system\/cvs-quiz\/\" target=\"_self\" role=\"button\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tVI. CVS: Quiz\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/pathology-demystified\/cardiovascular-system\/cvs-study-notes-one-page-summary\" target=\"_self\" role=\"button\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCVS: Study Notes and One Page Summary\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/pathology-demystified\/cardiovascular-system\/\" target=\"_self\" role=\"button\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCardiovascular System Chapter Home\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/pathology-demystified\" target=\"_self\" role=\"button\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPathology Demystified\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Diseases of the heart may manifest as both symptoms relating directly to the heart;\u00a0regional or systemic symptoms. Here is a brief outline of an approach to understanding the clinical manifestations. You will learn about this in detail from clinical examination texts such as Talley and O&#8217;Connor. Localized symptoms directly from cardiac pathology Chest pain, the [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":1104,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-4560","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>NUS Pathweb<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/pathology-demystified\/cardiovascular-system\/clinical-manifestations\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Diseases of the heart may manifest as both symptoms relating directly to the heart;\u00a0regional or systemic symptoms. Here is a brief outline of an approach to understanding the clinical manifestations. You will learn about this in detail from clinical examination texts such as Talley and O&#8217;Connor. 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