{"id":4446,"date":"2017-03-29T17:16:07","date_gmt":"2017-03-29T09:16:07","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/?page_id=4446"},"modified":"2025-12-15T13:07:54","modified_gmt":"2025-12-15T05:07:54","slug":"haemodynamic-disorders-approach","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/pathology-demystified\/haemodynamic-disorders-demys\/haemodynamic-disorders-approach\/","title":{"rendered":"I. Haemodynamic Disorders: Approach"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\t<p>This is a large topic with many terms and definitions. It appears complex, but can be approached in a very logical manner. Let&#8217;s start by looking at a very broad approach and some important <strong>DEFINITIONS<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\t<h3><strong>Broad Approach and Definitions:<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Following the scheme in your lectures, haemodynamic disorders can be divided into <strong>TWO<\/strong> main pathophysiological aspects.<\/p>\n<p><strong>1. Disorders of Circulation &#8211; <\/strong>Click on each term to see the DEFINITION.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--label-0\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"fl-accordion--panel-0\">HYPERAEMIA and CONGESTION<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--icon-0\" tabindex=\"-1\"><i title=\"Expand\">Expand<\/i><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>HYPERAEMIA<\/strong> &#8211; When vessels of the <strong>microcirculation <\/strong>contain <strong>more blood<\/strong> than normal<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Active hyperaemia &#8211; Blood flow is increased (this is an active process, where arteriolar dilation leads to increased blood flow)<\/li>\n<li>Passive hyperaemia \u00a0= \u00a0Congestion (See below)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>CONGESTION<\/strong> &#8211; This is synonymous with PASSIVE HYPERAEMIA. Congestion is a passive process in which there is reduced outflow of blood from a tissue.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--label-1\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"fl-accordion--panel-1\">OEDEMA<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--icon-1\" tabindex=\"-1\"><i title=\"Expand\">Expand<\/i><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>OEDEMA <\/strong>&#8211; An excessive extravascular accumulation of fluid, within the interstitial tissues.<\/p>\n<p>Oedema fluid may be transudative or exudative. Refer to the mindmap for more explanation.<\/p>\n<p>Note: Fluid accumulations within body cavities are named according to the site, eg. Hydrothorax or pleural effusion (within pleural cavity).<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--label-2\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"fl-accordion--panel-2\">HAEMORRHAGE<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--icon-2\" tabindex=\"-1\"><i title=\"Expand\">Expand<\/i><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>HAEMORRHAGE<\/strong> &#8211; The extravasation of blood into the extravascular space.<\/p>\n<p>Haemorrhage can be traumatic or spontaneous, the latter usually due to vessel or coagulation abnormalities.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--label-3\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"fl-accordion--panel-3\">SHOCK<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--icon-3\" tabindex=\"-1\"><i title=\"Expand\">Expand<\/i><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>SHOCK<\/strong> &#8211; A state of inadequate perfusion of cells and tissues, leading to reversible hypoxic injury and, if severe or prolonged enough, to irreversible cell and organ injury and death<\/p>\n<p>There are several types of shock:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Hypovolemic shock &#8211; Due to markedly reduced volume eg. haemorrhage, severe burns, vomiting &amp; diarrhea.<\/li>\n<li>Cardiogenic shock &#8211; Due to pump failure.<\/li>\n<li>Distributive shock &#8211; Due to generalised vasodilatation eg. septic shock, anaphylactic shock, neurogenic shock.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>2. Thromboembolic Disease<\/strong><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--label-0\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"fl-accordion--panel-0\">THROMBOSIS<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--icon-0\" tabindex=\"-1\"><i title=\"Expand\">Expand<\/i><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>THROMBOSIS<\/strong> &#8211; The process in which a thrombus is formed.<\/p>\n<p><strong>THROMBUS<\/strong> &#8211; An intravascular mass formed during life from the constituents of blood.<\/p>\n<p>Virchow&#8217;s triad &#8211; A series of 3 abnormalities which leads to thrombosis<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Endothelial injury<\/li>\n<li>Abnormal blood flow (stasis or turbulence)<\/li>\n<li>Hypercoagulability of blood<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--label-1\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"fl-accordion--panel-1\">EMBOLISM<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--icon-1\" tabindex=\"-1\"><i title=\"Expand\">Expand<\/i><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>EMBOLUS<\/strong> &#8211; A detached intravascular solid, liquid or gaseous mass that is carried by the blood to a site distant from its point of origin.<\/p>\n<p>The process is called <strong>EMBOLISM.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Note: Emboli can be solid, liquid or gaseous, or even infective. The video mindmap highlights some examples.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--label-2\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"fl-accordion--panel-2\">INFARCTION<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" id=\"fl-accordion--icon-2\" tabindex=\"-1\"><i title=\"Expand\">Expand<\/i><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>INFARCTION<\/strong> &#8211; Necrosis due to Ischaemia (usually due to the occlusion of an artery; sometimes occlusion of venous drainage)<\/p>\n\t<p>The mindmaps below will help you to pull back and see the <strong>BIG PICTURE<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<h3>\n\t\tMindmap: Big picture Haemodynamic Disorders (Part 1)\n\t<\/h3>\n\t<p>If you can&#8217;t play the video, watch it here on YouTube: <a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/K3tCf-EFjiQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/youtu.be\/K3tCf-EFjiQ<\/a><\/p>\n\t<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/449614647\" width=\"640\" height=\"462\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"autoplay; fullscreen\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<h3>\n\t\tMindmap: Haemodynamic Disorders 2: Thrombosis, Haemorrhage and shock\n\t<\/h3>\n\t<p>If you can&#8217;t play the video, watch it here on YouTube: <a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/QXIpNyxfrQA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/youtu.be\/QXIpNyxfrQA<\/a><\/p>\n\t<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/449614711\" width=\"640\" height=\"457\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"autoplay; fullscreen\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n\t<p>There are <strong>updated<\/strong> versions of these 2 videos in YouTube:<\/p>\n<strong>Part 1: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/11OpU1crZD8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Haemodynamic Disorders Overview: Part 1\/2 Congestion, Oedema, Haemorrhage, Shock<\/a><br \/>\n<strong>Part 2:<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/HozRNtLXeD4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Haemodynamic Disorders Overview: Part 2\/2 Thrombosis, Embolism, Aneurysm<\/a>\u00a0\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/pathology-demystified\/haemodynamic-disorders-demys\/haemodynamic-disorders-approach\/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tI. Haemodynamic Disorders: Approach\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/pathology-demystified\/haemodynamic-disorders-demys\/talking-pots\/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tII. Haemodynamic Disorders: Talking Pots and Slides\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/pathology-demystified\/haemodynamic-disorders-demys\/haemodynamic-disorders-quiz\/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIII. Haemodynamic Disorders: Quiz\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/pathology-demystified\/haemodynamic-disorders-demys\/haemodynamic-disorders-study-notes\/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHaemodynamic Disorders: Study notes\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/pathology-demystified\/haemodynamic-disorders-demys\/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHaemodynamic Disorders Chapter Home\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/pathology-demystified\/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPathology Demystified\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This is a large topic with many terms and definitions. It appears complex, but can be approached in a very logical manner. Let&#8217;s start by looking at a very broad approach and some important DEFINITIONS. Broad Approach and Definitions: Following the scheme in your lectures, haemodynamic disorders can be divided into TWO main pathophysiological aspects. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":4442,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-4446","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>NUS Pathweb<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/pathweb\/pathology-demystified\/haemodynamic-disorders-demys\/haemodynamic-disorders-approach\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"This is a large topic with many terms and definitions. It appears complex, but can be approached in a very logical manner. 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