Clinicians often chase for a diagnosis minutes after we receive the specimen. it is thus important to know what information we can provide that is helpful (eg. adequacy, lymphoid vs non-lymphoid) ]. We must, however, be careful not to provide inaccurate information.
Adequacy – discussed above.
Lymphoid – In many instances, with careful attention to the cytology, it is possible to distinguish between lymphoid vs non-lymphoid lesions.
Run through your DDx first.
In this location and age group, possibilities include Lymphoma (mediastinal large B cell lymphoma, Hodgkin lymphoma and Lymphoblastic lymphoma); germ cell tumour; thymoma (patients may be a little older usually)..
Always check other relevant investigations (eg. serum BHCG , AFP, LDH etc).
Features favoring lymphoma:
- Dispersed cells
- Presence of numerous lymphoglandular bodies in the background
- Features specific to above named lymphomas
Lymphoglandular bodies are extremely helpful and are most readily appreciated in air-dried smears.
Germ cell tumours vary widely in morphology:
- Seminoma – Large, relatively dispersed polygonal cells with round to irregular nuclei, prominent nucleoli and fairly abundant pale to vacuolated cytoplasm, admixed with many lymphocytes and sometimes small epithelioid granulomas. May have reticular appearing tigroid background (due to glycogen)
- Yolk sac tumour, Embryonal carcinoma, Choriocarcinoma – Appear more cohesive and pleomorphic, resemble carcinoma or even adenocarcinoma. These may not be distinguishable from metastatic carcinoma from elsewhere, hence are difficult to confirm on morphology alone as germ cell tumours.
