{"id":4596,"date":"2022-06-17T10:08:10","date_gmt":"2022-06-17T02:08:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/nmsc\/?p=4596"},"modified":"2022-06-17T10:13:31","modified_gmt":"2022-06-17T02:13:31","slug":"mci-vs-healthy-ageing-brain","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/nmsc\/mci-vs-healthy-ageing-brain\/","title":{"rendered":"Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) vs Healthy Ageing Brain"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: center\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/nmsc\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/04-MCI-vs-healthy_Title.png\" alt=\"MCI vs Healthy Brain Elderly Cognitive Decline\" class=\"wp-image-4598 size-full aligncenter\" width=\"100%\" height=\"auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/nmsc\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/04-MCI-vs-healthy_Title.png 9001w, https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/nmsc\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/04-MCI-vs-healthy_Title-300x167.png 300w, https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/nmsc\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/04-MCI-vs-healthy_Title-1024x569.png 1024w, https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/nmsc\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/04-MCI-vs-healthy_Title-768x427.png 768w, https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/nmsc\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/04-MCI-vs-healthy_Title-1536x853.png 1536w, https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/nmsc\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/04-MCI-vs-healthy_Title-2048x1138.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 9001px) 100vw, 9001px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) has been positioned as the intermediate stage between normal ageing and dementia. People with MCI experience some decline in their memory or thinking processes, but the symptoms are less severe than that of dementia. Early detection of cognitive decline is of utmost importance as better management is dependent on early adequate care and prevention measures (Liu et al., 2022).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"EN-GB\">As we age, it is natural to experience changes in our cognitive ability. Past research have found that working memory and short-term recall gradually decline with ageing. In addition, people also experience a decline in information processing speed, explaining why it is harder for older folks to learn new things (Yankner et al., 2008). <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"EN-GB\">So, what is the line that separates normal ageing and MCI?<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><span lang=\"EN-GB\">The Healthy Ageing Brain<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Ageing causes changes in brain size, vasculature, and cognition. Losing some cognitive ability is a completely natural part of ageing (Liu et al., 2022). While different cognitive function peaks at different ages, it is generally accepted that a person\u2019s cognitive prowess follows an inverted U trend (Cai et al., 2014).<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"60%\" height=\"auto\" src=\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/nmsc\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/The-likely-developmental-trends-across-the-human-lifespan-an-inverted-U-shape-The.jpg\" alt=\"The-likely-developmental-trends-across-the-human-lifespan-an-inverted-U-shape-The\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-4599\" srcset=\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/nmsc\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/The-likely-developmental-trends-across-the-human-lifespan-an-inverted-U-shape-The.jpg 638w, https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/nmsc\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/The-likely-developmental-trends-across-the-human-lifespan-an-inverted-U-shape-The-300x215.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 638px) 100vw, 638px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Picture from Cai et al., 2014<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"EN-GB\">As you might have observed or experienced personally, the most common declines include:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span lang=\"EN-GB\"> <\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Decreased information processing speed<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"EN-GB\"> <\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Declined working memory<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"EN-GB\"> <\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Declining attention span<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"EN-GB\"> <\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Difficulty multitasking<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span lang=\"EN-GB\">That is not to say that all cognitive abilities decline with age. Some research have suggested that vocabulary, verbal knowledge, emotional stability and the ability to evaluate other people\u2019s emotions remain the same or even improve along with age (Yankner et al., 2008).<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><span lang=\"EN-GB\">What is Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI)?<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span lang=\"EN-GB\">While subtle changes are expected, some people experience a decline that is more than what would be considered normal. The symptoms of MCI are not as severe as dementia and most people with MCI are able to live independently. Early signs of MCI include:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span lang=\"EN-GB\"> <\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Forgetfulness &amp; memory lapse<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"EN-GB\"> <\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Impaired sense of direction<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"EN-GB\"> <\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Changes in personality or mood<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"EN-GB\"> <\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Language problems<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"EN-GB\"> <\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Disorientation in time<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span lang=\"EN-GB\">It is important to note that what is normal for one person might not be the case for another. What is considered \u201cnormal\u201d is relative to the person\u2019s age, education, employment status, and overall living environment.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"EN-GB\">MCI has a prevalence of 12.5% in Singapore. Gender is found to be significantly associated with MCI subtypes, with males more likely to have aMCI (amnestic MCI) and females more likely to have naMCI (non-amnestic MCI) (Liu et al., 2022).<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Types of Mild Cognitive Impairment<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Symptoms could be classified into 2 types: amnestic and non-amnestic MCI. That is:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Amnestic MCI Symptoms<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span lang=\"EN-GB\"> <\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Getting lost in familiar places<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"EN-GB\"> <\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Forgetting recent events or appointments<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"EN-GB\"> <\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Forgetting names or conversations<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Non-amnestic MCI Symptoms<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span lang=\"EN-GB\"> <\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Changes in personality and behaviours<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"EN-GB\"> <\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Change in diet\/eating habit<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"EN-GB\"> <\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Decline in language ability (comprehension &amp; verbal)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"EN-GB\"> <\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Loss of balance<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"EN-GB\"> <\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Declining attention span<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Managing MCI<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Unfortunately, there is still no cure for cognitive decline. The risk of depression and anxiety is also higher in those with MCI as compared to the general population.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"EN-GB\">\u00a0<\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">The research has since shifted towards non-pharmaceutical interventions to improve emotional states, enhance cognitive function, and delay or even reverse the symptoms of cognitive decline.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\"><strong><span lang=\"EN-GB\">A healthy life both physically and mentally may be the best defence against the changes of an ageing brain.<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\" style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt\"><em><span lang=\"EN-GB\">World Alzheimer Report 2015 \u2013 The global impact of dementia: An analysis of prevalence, incidence, cost, and trends. Alzheimer\u2019s Disease International (ADI).<\/span><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Mind Science Centre\u2019s Jurong Ageing Study (JAS) <\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span lang=\"EN-GB\">JAS aims to explore the effects of preventive psychosocial interventions on older adults with MCI to examine its potential as an intervention method for cognitive decline. These interventions include:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span lang=\"EN-GB\"> <\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Health education programme (HEP)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"EN-GB\"> <\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Mindfulness Awareness Practice (MAP)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"EN-GB\"> <\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Therapeutic horticulture<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"EN-GB\"> <\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Art activities<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"EN-GB\"> <\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Tai chi exercise<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"EN-GB\"> <\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Music-reminiscence<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"EN-GB\"> <\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Choral singing<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"EN-GB\"> <\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Tea drinking<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Our research showed evidence of improved cognitive function (Fam et al., 2020; Yu et al., 2021), gut bacteria profiles (Khine et al., 2020), telomere lengths (Yu et al., 2020), and inflammatory biomarkers (Ng, 2020) following the interventions. <a href=\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/nmsc\/research-areas\/#rmethodology\">Click here for more details on Mind Science Centre\u2019s Jurong Ageing Study.<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Above that, these interventions are low-cost, self-directed, and can be practised without much time and space constraints, further suggesting its potential for success in Singapore communities.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Ageing with Dignity: Age Well Everyday (AWE) Programme<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span lang=\"EN-GB\">In addition to research, it is of our utmost interest to ensure that our research findings are translated into programmes that have a direct impact on the community. Our programmes seek to allow seniors to age with dignity and have a great quality of life for as long as possible.<\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"EN-GB\">In expanding the Jurong Ageing Study, we started the Age Well Everyday (AWE) Programme in which we recruited and trained seniors as volunteers to lead community activities and interventions mentioned above. AWE is special as the programme places emphasis on <i>preventive medicine in the community, by the community, for the community.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"EN-GB\">We are proud to be in collaboration with 8 centres across the island, with further expansion plans coming along. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/nmsc\/awe\/\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Find out how you can join our AWE programme here.<\/span><\/a><span lang=\"EN-GB\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><span lang=\"EN-GB\">References<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Liu, L.-Y., Lu, Y., Shen, L., Li, C.-B., Yu, J.-T., Yuan, C. R., et al. (2022). Prevalence, risk and protective factors for mild cognitive impairment in a population-based study of Singaporean elderly. J. Psychiatr. Res. 145, 111\u2013117. doi: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0022395621006981\">10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2021.11.041<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Yankner, B. A., Lu, T., &amp; Loerch, P. (2008). The Aging Brain. Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease, 3(1), 41\u201366. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.pathmechdis.2.010506.092044\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.pathmechdis.2.010506.092044<\/a><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Cai, L., Chan, J. S. Y., Yan, J. H., &amp; Peng, K. (2014). Brain plasticity and motor practice in cognitive aging. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 6. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnagi.2014.00031\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnagi.2014.00031<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Prince, M, Wimo, A, Guerchet, M, Ali, GC, Wu, Y. T., and Prina M. World Alzheimer Report 2015 &#8211; The Global Impact of Dementia: An analysis of prevalence, incidence, cost and trends. London: Alzheimer&#8217;s Disease International (ADI); 2015.<\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Fam, J., Sun, Y., Qi, P., Lau, R. C., Feng, L., Kua, E. H., &amp; Mahendran, R. (2020). Mindfulness practice alters brain connectivity in community\u2010living elders with mild cognitive impairment. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 74(4), 257\u2013262. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/pcn.12972\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/pcn.12972<\/span><\/a><span lang=\"EN-GB\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Yu, J., Rawtaer, I., Feng, L., Fam, J., Kumar, A. P., Kee-Mun Cheah, I., Honer, W. G., Su, W., Lee, Y. K., Tan, E. C., Kua, E. H., &amp; Mahendran, R. (2021). Mindfulness intervention for mild cognitive impairment led to attention-related improvements and neuroplastic changes: Results from a 9-month randomized control trial. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 135, 203\u2013211. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2021.01.032\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2021.01.032<\/span><\/a><span lang=\"EN-GB\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Khine, W. W. T., Voong, M. L., Ng, T. K. S., Feng, L., Rane, G. A., Kumar, A. P., Kua, E. H., Mahendran, R., Mahendran, R., &amp; Lee, Y.-K. (2020). Mental awareness improved mild cognitive impairment and modulated gut microbiome.\u00a0<i>Aging<\/i>,\u00a0<i>12<\/i>(23), 24371\u201324393.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18632\/aging.202277\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18632\/aging.202277<\/a><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Yu, J., Kanchi, M. M., Rawtaer, I., Feng, L., Kumar, A. P., Kua, E.-H., &amp; Mahendran, R. (2020). The functional and structural connectomes of telomere length and their association with cognition in mild cognitive impairment. Cortex, 132, 29\u201340.\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cortex.2020.08.006\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cortex.2020.08.006<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Ng, T. K. S., Fam, J., Feng, L., Cheah, I. K.-M., Tan, C. T.-Y., Nur, F., Wee, S. T., Goh, L. G., Chow, W. L., Ho, R. C.-M., Kua, E. H., Larbi, A., &amp; Mahendran, R. (2020). Mindfulness improves inflammatory biomarker levels in older adults with mild cognitive impairment: a randomized controlled trial. Translational Psychiatry, 10(1). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41398-020-0696-y\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41398-020-0696-y<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) has been positioned as the intermediate stage between normal ageing and dementia. People with MCI experience&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8976,"featured_media":4610,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[62,4],"tags":[53,40,87,84,92,44,90,29,88,83,91,81,24,71,82,86,85,89,63],"class_list":["post-4596","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-dementia-asia","category-upcoming-events","tag-active-ageing","tag-ageing","tag-alzheimers","tag-brain-development","tag-brain-research","tag-choral-singing","tag-dancing","tag-dementia","tag-gut-bacteria","tag-healthy-ageing","tag-horticulture-therapy","tag-mci","tag-mental-health","tag-mental-health-research","tag-mild-cognitive-impairment","tag-positive-ageing","tag-successful-ageing","tag-tea-drinking","tag-telomere"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) vs Healthy Ageing Brain - Yeo Boon Khim Mind Science Centre<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/nmsc\/mci-vs-healthy-ageing-brain\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) vs Healthy Ageing Brain - Yeo Boon Khim Mind Science Centre\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) has been positioned as the intermediate stage between normal ageing and dementia. 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