{"id":941,"date":"2020-11-17T13:26:10","date_gmt":"2020-11-17T05:26:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/nic\/?p=941"},"modified":"2020-11-18T11:39:12","modified_gmt":"2020-11-18T03:39:12","slug":"what-if-your-doctor-could-remove-the-building-blocks-of-heart-disease","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/nic\/what-if-your-doctor-could-remove-the-building-blocks-of-heart-disease\/","title":{"rendered":"What if your doctor could remove the building blocks of heart disease?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Most of us will remember what we were doing the day of a significant global event. The day two planes flew into the twin towers. The day the Berlin Wall came down. The day a tsunami hit the shores of Indonesia.<\/p>\n<p>As a doctor, I remember one day doing my ward rounds in 2000 when the UK prime minister Tony Blair and then US president Bill Clinton announced that the full human genome was finally sequenced. While it was inspiring to hear that the &#8220;blueprint&#8221; of humans was now known, I still had sick patients on my list yet to be seen and discharged. For them, the relevance of the discovery could not have felt more remote.<\/p>\n<p>Not every advance is momentous. Most ground-breaking changes cannot be pinpointed to a single press conference. They are instead the result of many smaller, incremental advances, as we cardiologists would soon be reminded.<\/p>\n<p>Around the time we first understood the human genome sequence, we discovered that humans have virtually the same number of coding genes (roughly 20,000) as a worm or fish.<\/p>\n<p>What makes us different are the 3 billion remaining base pairs of the non-coding genome. In these, we find what are called gene regulatory elements. They are more easily visualised as \u201cswitches\u201d, which control when and how much our genes are expressed.<\/p>\n<p>The blueprint of the human genome can be thought of as a songbook. Different musical notes are sung by different cells, often in unison. And so, we have lung cells performing differently to heart or liver cells even though they all have the same blueprint. The circuitry involved is complicated and intricate.<\/p>\n<p>Despite this complexity, now is a fantastic time to be working in genomic research. Technological advances reveal how different sections of the genome and its switches underpin cellular functions throughout the body. With technology, doctors can sequence our patients\u2019 genomes at accessible costs, control their gene expression and even edit their blueprint. This allows us to target the root cause of diseases.<\/p>\n<p>Indeed, such technology has already informed life-saving new therapies for cancer. When cardiologists watched Mr Blair and Mr Clinton\u2019s 2000 announcement, it kindled hopes of new cures and therapies. Now, we are finally moving closer to such solutions for complex and multifactorial heart diseases.<\/p>\n<p>For example, mapping out the genes that cause high cholesterol has had a huge impact. We now think it may be possible to safely edit such genes in adult genomes, giving people a reduced risk or even lifelong protection against heart disease. In the meantime, suppressing gene expression related to heart disease using twice-yearly injections of gene targeting medicines will be far more effective than the daily, oral doses of statins patients currently take.<\/p>\n<p>A new generation of medicines is emerging as a result of our ever-deepening understanding of the genomic map. Targeting genomic switches in order to re-programme gene expression would reverse the course of disease rather than simply slow its progression. The latter is what nearly all medicines today do.<\/p>\n<p>The future of cardiology is glowing with excitement as we pursue a solution to the scourge of heart disease, which blights the lives of many \u2013 particularly those at elevated risk, such as the elderly and sufferers of metabolic diseases and diabetes. These risk factors are at an all-time global high. For cardiology, the next generation of ground-breaking medicines is firmly on its way and could not be welcomed sooner.<\/p>\n<p><em>Professor Roger Foo is Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan Professor in Medicine at the National University of Singapore.<\/em><\/p>\n<div>\n<h6><span style=\"color: #993300;\">Translated into Spanish by <em>El Observador:<\/em><\/span><\/h6>\n<h1><span style=\"color: #993300;\">\u00bfQu\u00e9 pasar\u00eda si su m\u00e9dico pudiera eliminar los componentes b\u00e1sicos de la enfermedad cardiaca?<\/span><\/h1>\n<p><em>Roger Foo. M\u00e9dico. Profesor de la Universidad Nacional de Singapur.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>La mayor\u00eda de nosotros recordaremos qu\u00e9 est\u00e1bamos haciendo el d\u00eda de un evento global significativo. El d\u00eda que dos aviones chocaron contra las torres gemelas en New York. El d\u00eda que cay\u00f3 el Muro de Berl\u00edn. El d\u00eda en que un tsunami azot\u00f3 las costas de Indonesia.<\/p>\n<p>Como m\u00e9dico, recuerdo perfectamente el d\u00eda que estaba haciendo mi ronda de sala en el a\u00f1o 2000. Fue cuando el entonces primer ministro brit\u00e1nico Tony Blair y el entonces presidente estadounidense Bill Clinton, anunciaron que finalmente se hab\u00eda secuenciado el genoma humano completo.<\/p>\n<p>Si bien fue inspirador escuchar que ahora se conoc\u00eda el \u201cmodelo\u201d de los humanos, todav\u00eda ten\u00eda pacientes enfermos en mi lista que a\u00fan no hab\u00edan sido atendidos ni dados de alta. Para ellos, la relevancia del descubrimiento no podr\u00eda haber parecido m\u00e1s remota.<\/p>\n<p>No todos los avances son trascendentales. La mayor\u00eda de los cambios innovadores no se pueden se\u00f1alar en una sola conferencia de prensa. Son el resultado de muchos avances peque\u00f1os e incrementales, como los que pronto recordaremos los cardi\u00f3logos.<\/p>\n<p>En el momento en que comprendimos por primera vez la secuencia del genoma humano, descubrimos que los humanos tenemos pr\u00e1cticamente la misma cantidad de genes codificadores (aproximadamente 20.000) que un gusano o un pez.<\/p>\n<p>Lo que nos hace diferentes son los 3 mil millones de pares de bases restantes del genoma no codificante. En estos, encontramos lo que se denomina: elementos reguladores de genes. Se visualizan m\u00e1s f\u00e1cilmente como \u201cinterruptores\u201d, que controlan cu\u00e1ndo y cu\u00e1nto se expresan nuestros genes.<\/p>\n<p>El plano del genoma humano puede considerarse un cancionero. Diferentes c\u00e9lulas cantan diferentes notas musicales, a menudo al un\u00edsono. Y as\u00ed, tenemos c\u00e9lulas pulmonares que funcionan de manera diferente a las c\u00e9lulas card\u00edacas o hep\u00e1ticas, aunque todas tienen el mismo modelo. El circuito involucrado es complicado e intrincado.<\/p>\n<p>A pesar de esta complejidad, ahora es un momento fant\u00e1stico para trabajar en la investigaci\u00f3n gen\u00f3mica.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Atacar la causa de las enfermedades<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Los avances tecnol\u00f3gicos revelan c\u00f3mo diferentes secciones del genoma y sus interruptores sustentan las funciones celulares en todo el cuerpo. Con la tecnolog\u00eda, los m\u00e9dicos podemos secuenciar los genomas de nuestros pacientes a costos accesibles, controlar su expresi\u00f3n gen\u00e9tica e incluso, editar su plano.<\/p>\n<p>Esto nos permite apuntar a la ra\u00edz de las enfermedades.<\/p>\n<p>De hecho, dicha tecnolog\u00eda ya ha dado informaci\u00f3n sobre nuevas terapias contra el c\u00e1ncer que salvan vidas. Cuando los cardi\u00f3logos vimos el anuncio de Blair y Clinton en 2000, despertaron esperanzas de nuevas curas y terapias. Ahora, finalmente nos estamos acerc\u00e1ndonos a tales soluciones para enfermedades card\u00edacas complejas y multifactoriales.<\/p>\n<p>Por ejemplo, el mapeo de los genes que causan el colesterol alto ha tenido un gran impacto. Ahora creemos que es posible editar de manera segura dichos genes en genomas adultos. Esto nos brinda un riesgo reducido o incluso una protecci\u00f3n de por vida contra las enfermedades card\u00edacas.<\/p>\n<p>Mientras tanto, suprimir la expresi\u00f3n g\u00e9nica relacionada con enfermedades card\u00edacas mediante inyecciones, dos veces al a\u00f1o, de medicamentos dirigidos a genes ser\u00e1 mucho m\u00e1s eficaz que las dosis orales diarias de estatinas que los pacientes toman actualmente.<\/p>\n<p>Est\u00e1 surgiendo una nueva generaci\u00f3n de medicamentos como resultado de nuestra comprensi\u00f3n, cada vez m\u00e1s profunda del mapa gen\u00f3mico.<\/p>\n<p>Dirigirse a los interruptores gen\u00f3micos para reprogramar la expresi\u00f3n g\u00e9nica revertir\u00eda el curso de la enfermedad en lugar de simplemente ralentizar su progresi\u00f3n. Esto \u00faltimo es lo que hacen casi todos los medicamentos en la actualidad.<\/p>\n<p>El futuro de la cardiolog\u00eda brilla con entusiasmo a medida que buscamos una soluci\u00f3n al flagelo de las enfermedades card\u00edacas, que arruina la vida de muchas personas, en particular las que tienen un riesgo elevado, como los ancianos y los que padecen enfermedades metab\u00f3licas y diabetes.<\/p>\n<p>Estos factores de riesgo est\u00e1n en su punto m\u00e1s alto a nivel mundial. Para la cardiolog\u00eda, la pr\u00f3xima generaci\u00f3n de medicamentos innovadores est\u00e1 firmemente en camino y ser\u00e1 muy bien recibida.<\/p>\n<p>Media Links:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/opinion\/comment\/what-if-your-doctor-could-remove-the-building-blocks-of-heart-disease-1.1110228\">The full story in English was first published in <em>The National<\/em> on 12 November 2020.\u00a0<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/observador.cr\/que-pasaria-si-su-medico-pudiera-eliminar-los-componentes-basicos-de-la-enfermedad-cardiaca\/\">The article in Spanish was published in <em>El Observador<\/em> on 15 November 2020.<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Most of us will remember what we were doing the day of a significant global event. The day two planes flew into the twin towers. The day the Berlin Wall came down. The day a tsunami hit the shores of Indonesia. As a doctor, I remember one day doing my ward rounds in 2000 when the UK prime minister Tony Blair and then US president Bill Clinton announced that the full human genome was finally sequenced.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":943,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-941","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>What if your doctor could remove the building blocks of heart disease? - NIC<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/nic\/what-if-your-doctor-could-remove-the-building-blocks-of-heart-disease\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"What if your doctor could remove the building blocks of heart disease? - NIC\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Most of us will remember what we were doing the day of a significant global event. 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