{"id":3482,"date":"2026-08-05T04:56:33","date_gmt":"2026-08-05T04:56:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/medphc\/?p=3482"},"modified":"2026-08-05T04:56:33","modified_gmt":"2026-08-05T04:56:33","slug":"the-interplay-between-autophagy-and-immunogenic-cell-death-nanomaterial-based-strategies-for-cancer-immunotherapy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/medphc\/publications\/the-interplay-between-autophagy-and-immunogenic-cell-death-nanomaterial-based-strategies-for-cancer-immunotherapy\/","title":{"rendered":"The interplay between autophagy and immunogenic cell death: nanomaterial-based strategies for cancer immunotherapy"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-3483\" src=\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/medphc\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/33\/2026\/08\/20260410-GS-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"850\" height=\"479\" srcset=\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/medphc\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/33\/2026\/08\/20260410-GS-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/medphc\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/33\/2026\/08\/20260410-GS-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/medphc\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/33\/2026\/08\/20260410-GS-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/medphc\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/33\/2026\/08\/20260410-GS.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 850px) 100vw, 850px\" \/><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"Abs1\" class=\"c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item\">Abstract<\/h2>\n<div id=\"Abs1-content\" class=\"c-article-section__content\">\n<p>Cancer immunotherapy has significantly advanced the field of oncology. However, effectiveness of immunotherapy remains limited by tumor heterogeneity, immune evasion, and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironments. Immunogenic cell death (ICD) and autophagy are two interconnected biological mechanisms that play crucial roles in modulating tumor-immune interactions. ICD enhances antitumor immunity through the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), while autophagy affects the immunogenicity and viability of tumor cells in a context-dependent manner. Their complex interaction offers a distinctive platform to enhance immune responses and overcome resistance to immunotherapy. This review emphasizes recent advancements in using nanomaterials to regulate autophagy and ICD in cancer therapy. Various nanoplatforms, including metallic, polymeric, lipid-based, and carbon-based nanoparticles, have been engineered to deliver ICD inducers and autophagy modulators in a targeted TME-responsive manner. We discuss the underlying mechanisms, therapeutic synergies, and translational advantages of these dual-functioning systems. Furthermore, we address critical challenges such as biosafety, tumor specificity, and regulatory hurdles, and we explore strategies including PEGylation, biomimetic coating, and biodegradable carriers to improve clinical applications.<\/p>\n<p>Full Article:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12951-026-04286-5\">https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12951-026-04286-5<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Abstract Cancer immunotherapy has significantly advanced the field of oncology. However, effectiveness of immunotherapy remains limited by tumor heterogeneity, immune evasion, and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironments. Immunogenic cell death (ICD) and autophagy are two interconnected biological mechanisms that play crucial roles in modulating tumor-immune interactions. ICD enhances antitumor immunity through the release of damage-associated molecular patterns [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9345,"featured_media":3483,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"default","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3482","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-publications"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>The interplay between autophagy and immunogenic cell death: nanomaterial-based strategies for cancer immunotherapy - Pharmacology<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/medphc\/publications\/the-interplay-between-autophagy-and-immunogenic-cell-death-nanomaterial-based-strategies-for-cancer-immunotherapy\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The interplay between autophagy and immunogenic cell death: nanomaterial-based strategies for cancer immunotherapy - Pharmacology\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Abstract Cancer immunotherapy has significantly advanced the field of oncology. However, effectiveness of immunotherapy remains limited by tumor heterogeneity, immune evasion, and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironments. Immunogenic cell death (ICD) and autophagy are two interconnected biological mechanisms that play crucial roles in modulating tumor-immune interactions. ICD enhances antitumor immunity through the release of damage-associated molecular patterns [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/medphc\/publications\/the-interplay-between-autophagy-and-immunogenic-cell-death-nanomaterial-based-strategies-for-cancer-immunotherapy\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Pharmacology\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2026-08-05T04:56:33+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/medphc\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/33\/2026\/08\/20260410-GS.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1280\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"720\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Woon Fei\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Woon Fei\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"2 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\\\/medphc\\\/publications\\\/the-interplay-between-autophagy-and-immunogenic-cell-death-nanomaterial-based-strategies-for-cancer-immunotherapy\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\\\/medphc\\\/publications\\\/the-interplay-between-autophagy-and-immunogenic-cell-death-nanomaterial-based-strategies-for-cancer-immunotherapy\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Woon Fei\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\\\/medphc\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/ea3ccd10ab2f2bba51fd804396287cb0\"},\"headline\":\"The interplay between autophagy and immunogenic cell death: nanomaterial-based strategies for cancer immunotherapy\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-08-05T04:56:33+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\\\/medphc\\\/publications\\\/the-interplay-between-autophagy-and-immunogenic-cell-death-nanomaterial-based-strategies-for-cancer-immunotherapy\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":192,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\\\/medphc\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\\\/medphc\\\/publications\\\/the-interplay-between-autophagy-and-immunogenic-cell-death-nanomaterial-based-strategies-for-cancer-immunotherapy\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\\\/medphc\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/33\\\/2026\\\/08\\\/20260410-GS.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"Publications\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\\\/medphc\\\/publications\\\/the-interplay-between-autophagy-and-immunogenic-cell-death-nanomaterial-based-strategies-for-cancer-immunotherapy\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\\\/medphc\\\/publications\\\/the-interplay-between-autophagy-and-immunogenic-cell-death-nanomaterial-based-strategies-for-cancer-immunotherapy\\\/\",\"name\":\"The interplay between autophagy and immunogenic cell death: nanomaterial-based strategies for cancer immunotherapy - 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