{"id":3265,"date":"2026-02-05T07:44:36","date_gmt":"2026-02-05T07:44:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/medphc\/?p=3265"},"modified":"2026-02-05T07:44:48","modified_gmt":"2026-02-05T07:44:48","slug":"app-c31-pathology-as-a-target-in-neurodegenerative-diseases","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/medphc\/publications\/app-c31-pathology-as-a-target-in-neurodegenerative-diseases\/","title":{"rendered":"APP-C31 pathology as a target in neurodegenerative diseases"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-3268\" src=\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/medphc\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/33\/2026\/02\/20260204-GD-1-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"950\" height=\"535\" srcset=\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/medphc\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/33\/2026\/02\/20260204-GD-1-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/medphc\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/33\/2026\/02\/20260204-GD-1-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/medphc\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/33\/2026\/02\/20260204-GD-1-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/medphc\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/33\/2026\/02\/20260204-GD-1.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 950px) 100vw, 950px\" \/><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"Abs1\" class=\"c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item\">Abstract<\/h2>\n<p>Neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer\u2019s disease, Parkinson&#8217;s disease, Huntington\u2019s disease, etc.) are caused by the progressive loss of neurons, which affects many people worldwide. Therefore, many efforts have focused on neurodegenerative disease mechanisms and therapeutic strategies. Moreover, amyloid precursor proteins and their cleaving products, including APP-C31, may play important roles in neurodegeneration. This review provides a comprehensive introduction to the structure, neurotoxicity, regulatory mechanism, and relevance of APP-C31 to clinical diseases and its therapeutic potential as a drug target. This work will bridge the gap in our understanding of the function of APP-C31, which provides an experimental basis for neurodegenerative disease therapeutics. Meanwhile, a hypothesis is postulated that the APP-C31 functions not merely as a byproduct of caspase cleavage, but as the critical &#8220;central executioner&#8221; bridging upstream triggers and downstream neurodegeneration. Diverse upstream stressors, initiate the cascade to generate APP-C31. Once generated, C31 acts as a multi-functional signalling hub driving four distinct pathogenic pathways. Consequently, APP-C31 is hypothesized to be the essential mediator that amplifies these molecular damages into macroscopic failures.<\/p>\n<p>Full Article:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12929-026-01216-3\">https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12929-026-01216-3<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Abstract Neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer\u2019s disease, Parkinson&#8217;s disease, Huntington\u2019s disease, etc.) are caused by the progressive loss of neurons, which affects many people worldwide. Therefore, many efforts have focused on neurodegenerative disease mechanisms and therapeutic strategies. Moreover, amyloid precursor proteins and their cleaving products, including APP-C31, may play important roles in neurodegeneration. This review provides a [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9345,"featured_media":3268,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"default","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3265","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-publications"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>APP-C31 pathology as a target in neurodegenerative diseases - Pharmacology<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/medphc\/publications\/app-c31-pathology-as-a-target-in-neurodegenerative-diseases\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"APP-C31 pathology as a target in neurodegenerative diseases - Pharmacology\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Abstract Neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer\u2019s disease, Parkinson&#8217;s disease, Huntington\u2019s disease, etc.) are caused by the progressive loss of neurons, which affects many people worldwide. Therefore, many efforts have focused on neurodegenerative disease mechanisms and therapeutic strategies. Moreover, amyloid precursor proteins and their cleaving products, including APP-C31, may play important roles in neurodegeneration. This review provides a [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/medphc\/publications\/app-c31-pathology-as-a-target-in-neurodegenerative-diseases\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Pharmacology\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2026-02-05T07:44:36+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-02-05T07:44:48+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/medphc\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/33\/2026\/02\/20260204-GD-1.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1280\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"720\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Woon Fei\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Woon Fei\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"2 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/medphc\/publications\/app-c31-pathology-as-a-target-in-neurodegenerative-diseases\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/medphc\/publications\/app-c31-pathology-as-a-target-in-neurodegenerative-diseases\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Woon Fei\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/medphc\/#\/schema\/person\/ea3ccd10ab2f2bba51fd804396287cb0\"},\"headline\":\"APP-C31 pathology as a target in neurodegenerative diseases\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-02-05T07:44:36+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-02-05T07:44:48+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/medphc\/publications\/app-c31-pathology-as-a-target-in-neurodegenerative-diseases\/\"},\"wordCount\":192,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/medphc\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/medphc\/publications\/app-c31-pathology-as-a-target-in-neurodegenerative-diseases\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/medphc\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/33\/2026\/02\/20260204-GD-1.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"Publications\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/medphc\/publications\/app-c31-pathology-as-a-target-in-neurodegenerative-diseases\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/medphc\/publications\/app-c31-pathology-as-a-target-in-neurodegenerative-diseases\/\",\"name\":\"APP-C31 pathology as a target in neurodegenerative diseases - 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