{"id":4232,"date":"2023-03-13T16:34:51","date_gmt":"2023-03-13T08:34:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/bch\/?page_id=4232"},"modified":"2026-01-28T09:34:48","modified_gmt":"2026-01-28T01:34:48","slug":"phm5010","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/bch\/phm5010\/","title":{"rendered":"PHM5010 &#8211; Precision Biomarkers"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"4232\" class=\"elementor elementor-4232\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1a7af21 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1a7af21\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1f1c220\" data-id=\"1f1c220\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-946348f elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"946348f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d4c434 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d4c434\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-large\">Course Overview<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-43faf36 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"43faf36\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-85384c6\" data-id=\"85384c6\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f96a0ef elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f96a0ef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">Biomarkers, with potential to inform disease risk, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment response are foundational to Precision Medicine because they enable evidence-based clinical decision-making and more targeted therapies. PHM5010 guides students through the end-to-end biomarker journey\u2014from discovery to development, validation, and real-world clinical translation. Building on prior training in genomics, proteomics\/metabolomics, biostatistics, and AI\/ML in Semester 1 of the MScPHM programme, students will learn how big-data omics and multi-omics approaches can be used to identify and evaluate clinically meaningful biomarkers.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">The course also highlights the realities of translation: what it takes to demonstrate analytical validity, clinical validity, and clinical utility, and why challenges such as reproducibility, bias, heterogeneity, and implementation barriers often prevent promising biomarkers from reaching practice. Learning is complemented by clinical and industry perspectives, including expert-led sessions and site visits that expose students to biomarker development in real healthcare and biotech settings.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">A major component of PHM5010 is a portfolio-building individual assignment, where students develop a manuscript-style biomarker discovery study (data\/AI-driven) or an AI-augmented biomarker review, supported by structured milestone presentations and mentorship.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8bc5c98 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"8bc5c98\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-89981aa elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"89981aa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-large\">Learning Outcomes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ded01ca elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ded01ca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">By the end of the course, the student will:<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">1) <strong>Describe<\/strong> the characteristics of an ideal clinical molecular biomarker<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">2) <strong>Differentiate<\/strong> key classifications and categories of biomarkers<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">3) <strong>Explain<\/strong> and apply the workflow from biomarker discovery to biomarker development<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">4) <strong>Evaluate<\/strong> analytical validity, clinical validity, and clinical utility using appropriate evidence and frameworks<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">5) <strong>Discuss<\/strong> major challenges and bottlenecks in biomarker development and translation (e.g., data quality, cohort bias, reproducibility, clinical implementation)<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">6) <strong>Analyze<\/strong> at least one clinical application of omics-based biomarkers, clearly articulating advantages, limitations, and readiness for deployment<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">7) <strong>Develop<\/strong> a portfolio-ready biomarker project, producing a manuscript-style output (discovery study or review) supported by milestone presentations and mentorship<\/span><\/p><ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\"><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\"><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c49a3c elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"4c49a3c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1797eb7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1797eb7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-large\">Course Outline<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9a0e2f5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9a0e2f5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">PHM5010 covers both fundamentals and current frontiers in precision biomarker science, including:<\/span><\/p><p><\/p><p><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">1) Fundamentals of Precision Biomarkers<\/span><\/strong><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">a. Characteristics of an ideal clinical molecular biomarker<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">b. Classification of biomarkers (risk, diagnostic, prognostic, predictive, monitoring, etc.)<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">c. Principles of clinical interpretation and decision impact<\/span><\/p><p><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">2) Biomarker Discovery (Big Data + Omics Focus)<\/span><\/strong><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">a. Omics-driven biomarker discovery workflows<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">b. Public datasets and discovery study design<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">c. Statistical and AI\/ML approaches for feature selection and validation<\/span><\/p><p><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">3) Biomarker Development and Translation<\/span><\/strong><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">a. From candidate biomarker to clinical-grade tool<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">b. Analytical validity, clinical validity, and clinical utility<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">c. Translation of omics-based biomarkers into clinical practice<\/span><\/p><p><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">4) Multi-Omics and Emerging Directions<\/span><\/strong><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">a. Multi-omics biomarker discovery: rationale, key steps, and pitfalls<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">b. Digital twin concepts for multi-omics biomarker discovery<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">c. Current state of omics-based biomarkers in clinical use<\/span><\/p><p><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">5) Challenges and Real-World Adoption<\/span><\/strong><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">a. Reproducibility and generalizability<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">b. Cohort heterogeneity and population bias<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">c. Regulatory, operational, and workflow barriers in implementation<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4ffbe37 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"4ffbe37\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-54b6f3d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"54b6f3d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-large\">Course Requirements<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-587fb2e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"587fb2e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">To succeed in PHM5010, students are expected to have a strong foundation in the programme\u2019s Semester 1 core modules, specifically:<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u00b7 PHM5001 Precision Human Genomics<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u00b7 PHM5002 Precision Proteomics and Metabolomics<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u00b7 PHM5003 Big Data Statistical Analyses for Precision Medicine<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">\u00b7 PHM5005 AI and Machine Learning for Precision Medicine<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #000000;\">Students should also concurrently read PHM5004 (High Performance Computing for Precision Medicine) to support computational workflows relevant to omics and large-scale biomarker analysis.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bdf22c5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"bdf22c5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b49c198 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b49c198\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-large\">Course Coordinators<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-2794ccc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2794ccc\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-beec95b\" data-id=\"beec95b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-06d0084 elementor-cta--layout-image-left elementor-cta--skin-classic elementor-animated-content elementor-widget elementor-widget-call-to-action\" data-id=\"06d0084\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"call-to-action.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-cta\" href=\"https:\/\/nusgs.nus.edu.sg\/thesis-advisors\/bchleec\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-cta__bg-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-cta__bg elementor-bg\" style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/bch\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2020\/01\/bchleec.jpg);\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"A\/Prof Caroline Lee obtained her PhD at Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA and did her post-doctoral training in Human Gene Therapy with Dr Michael Gottesman at the National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.  She was previously a part-time Assistant Professor at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, an Investigator at Johns Hopkins Singapore as well as a Visiting Associate Professor Stanford University School of Medicine.  She is currently an Associate Professor at NUS Medicine and a Vice Dean of outreach and admissions at the NUS Graduate School which oversees all research graduate programs at NUS. She also has concurrent appointments at Duke-NUS Medical School and the National Cancer Centre. Her current research focusses on functional genomics of cancer, employing big data to elucidate underlying mechanisms of disease as well as machine learning \/ AI approaches to predict disease and\/or treatment response.  She won SingHealth and NUS Medicine Faculty Research Excellence Awards and has &gt;130 publications with majority in the genetics\/genomics field.Click here\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-cta__bg-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-cta__content\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-cta__title elementor-cta__content-item elementor-content-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tA\/Prof Caroline Lee\t\t\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-cta__description elementor-cta__content-item elementor-content-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tVice Dean, NUS Graduate School , NUS<br><br>Assoc Prof, Dept of Biochemistry, NUS\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-cta__button-wrapper elementor-cta__content-item elementor-content-item \">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-cta__button elementor-button elementor-size-\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tProfile\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-b7d65af\" data-id=\"b7d65af\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Course Overview Biomarkers, with potential to inform disease risk, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment response are foundational to Precision Medicine because&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8259,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-4232","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>PHM5010 - Precision Biomarkers - Department of Biochemistry \u2013 School of Medicine, National University of Singapore<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/bch\/phm5010\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"PHM5010 - Precision Biomarkers - Department of Biochemistry \u2013 School of Medicine, National University of Singapore\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Course Overview Biomarkers, with potential to inform disease risk, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment response are foundational to Precision Medicine because...\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/bch\/phm5010\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Department of Biochemistry \u2013 School of Medicine, National University of Singapore\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-01-28T01:34:48+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"3 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/bch\/phm5010\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/bch\/phm5010\/\",\"name\":\"PHM5010 - Precision Biomarkers - Department of Biochemistry \u2013 School of Medicine, National University of Singapore\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/bch\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2023-03-13T08:34:51+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-01-28T01:34:48+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/bch\/phm5010\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/bch\/phm5010\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/bch\/phm5010\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/medicine.nus.edu.sg\/bch\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"PHM5010 &#8211; 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